Jane Awake

Miki Cosplay

2011-07-06T11:29:00.003+09:00

Sayaka Miki is voiced by Eri Kitamura.
The first character in her last name means "beauty". The last character means "tree". Her name could also be written (tree trunk) or (sake offered to the gods)
Her first name is written in hiragana, which has no special meaning. However, "sayaka" could also be written (obvious) or (clear).
Sayaka Miki is also known as Blue among fans.

Let me show you some photos of Miki Cosplay.

P ko Cosplay from Arakawa Under the Bridge

2011-04-20T15:51:00.000+09:00

A young red-haired girl who grows vegetables for the village. The epitome of a klutzy girl, she is literally dangerously clumsy, often turning what should be a simple accident into a massive disaster. Despite an allusion to mishaps, P-ko is still intent on getting a drivers license so that she can travel further during Winter to gather seeds. That is P ko!P ko Cosplay for you.

black rock shooter

2010-12-15T13:39:00.002+09:00

black rock shooter

cosplay costume

2010-05-31T15:10:00.002+09:00

I love cosplay!Even the cosplay costume!

cosplay costume

2010-05-27T18:56:00.001+09:00

cosplay costume

lavi wig

2010-05-18T15:16:00.002+09:00

lavi wig

Hetalia Cosplay

2010-05-11T12:34:00.001+09:00

Hetalia Cosplay

Costume Shoes

2010-05-11T12:31:00.002+09:00

Costume Shoes

Fashion Wigs

2010-05-11T12:26:00.001+09:00

Fashion Wigs

Costume Wigs

2010-05-11T12:22:00.001+09:00

Costume Wigs

anime wigs

2010-05-11T12:20:00.001+09:00

anime wigs

cheap wigs

2010-04-08T17:15:00.001+09:00

cheap wigs

Vocaloid Cosplay

2010-03-26T13:11:00.003+09:00

Vocaloid Cosplay

buy cosplay

2010-01-15T15:05:00.002+09:00

I think many people have the interest to play costume ,especially play the costume of the charater we like.I found a good place to make this come ture~~~`it 's here ,,,,haha,,where buy cosplay costumehttp://www.cosplayfu.com/

tifa cosplay

2009-12-10T14:51:00.001+09:00

tifa cosplay

Japanese comic heroes come to life at Cosplay

2009-11-24T12:42:00.001+09:00

Japanese comic heroes come to life at Cosplay
PRINCESSES in flowing ballgowns, pilots of futuristic vessels and gigantic robots competed

on a level playing field at the national Cosplay championship at the weekend.

The grand final of the "costume play" event, held in an Albert Park hotel, brought together

Australia's most fervent supporters of Japanese comics and cartoons, better known as manga

and anime. Rather than just read or watch, people like Adelaide's Jenita Naipal spend

hundreds of hours making costumes of their favourite characters and then parading about in

them.

"I've had 3½ months to make it - that's a short time in the costuming world," the 24-year-

old said, struggling out of her robot suit from Laputa: Castle in the Sky.

"The arms are 190 centimetres, the head would be another 30 centimetres on top of that. I'm

five-foot-one-and-a-half [155 centimetres] so I'm walking with my hands above my head … I

was dying in there."

The fifth-placed Naipal won products from anime distributor Madman, which put on the event.

"I can definitely improve," she added.

Melbourne's Nicole Collis, 21, has just finished a digital arts course at RMIT, but her life

has been "full-time costume pandemonium" since then. The competition's runner-up is widely

known as Siera, her pen-name on internet forums, and she portrayed Rue from Princess Tutu, a

manga with a similar story to Swan Lake.

"I love the performance, being in character, it's a unique and creative way to express

yourself," she said, twirling in her pink and burgundy ball gown.

Her parents and friends were not particularly surprised by her hobby, she said. "They think

I'm a bit more than just crazy."

The competition's winner, Christie Lee of Sydney, was overjoyed with her prize: a trip to

Japan to attend next year's Tokyo Anime Fair.

"It hasn't really sunk in yet,'' she said.

In two outfits - a blue Victorian dress and a tight red number - the 21-year-old explained

how her favourite series was like a "twisted version" of Lewis Carroll's Alice in

Wonderland.

"I did a character named Alice from Pandora Hearts. Pretty much a girl who has a super power

and turns into a demon killer bunny," she explained, casually.

The surfing story

SURFING has taken seven-time world champion Layne Beachley around the world, but she never

thought she would end up in an exhibition.

A new collection celebrating the sport opened at the National Sports Museum at the MCG

yesterday, thrilling the wave-loving Beachley.

"I know, I was in a surfing museum before I was dead," she said, laughing.

"Never in my wildest dreams did I think that boards would be hanging up at the MCG."

Collections manager Jed Smith said The Long Ride: 100 Years of Australian Surfing traversed

the origins of the sport through to the professional circuit of today. The exhibition

stretches back to 1909 when Manly's Tommy Walker brought a board from Hawaii and started to

ride. (It was previously held that Hawaiian champion Duke Kahanamoku was the first to ride

local waves in the 1920s.)

Until interest spiked in the 1970s and '80s, surfing was amateur and recreational, he said.

"So to get hold of boards to see the evolution, it's quite extraordinary."

Beachley said her first boards were thick, wide and long. "We'd be encouraged to learn on

'moving sidewalks'," she said. "Now the craftsmanship is just amazing, and it's great to see

it be honoured and admired and appreciated."

The exhibition runs until the end of February.

Africa - The time is now

2009-08-17T18:04:00.000+09:00

Improved communications could soon see Africa’s business profile escalate. The potential is high but is the industry up to the challenge laid out before it?

The Telecommunication industry in Africa has experienced explosive growth over the last decade and is unquestionably amongst the most exciting regions for Telco solution providers right now.

However, communication throughout the continent cannot be solved quickly and will not be driven by one company alone. In order for the Telecom market to rise, competition, and most importantlycollaboration between service providers and operators needs to be addressed and the creation of a stable environment for foreign investment is key.

What is Alli?

2009-06-25T13:04:00.000+09:00

Alli blocks some of the fat that you eat, keeping it from being absorbed by your body and helps you to lose weight.

Alli is used together with a reduced-calorie diet and weight maintenance to treat obesity in people with certain risk factors (such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol or triglycerides).

Alli may also be used for other purposes.

教科書協会

2009-04-23T13:02:00.000+09:00

教科書会社でつくる教科書協会が、教科書検定審議の非公開を求めているという報道がなされ、沖縄県内で波紋を投げかけている。検定審議会委員や教科書会社だけでなく、執筆者にも「守秘義務」を果たすように主張していて、これまで以上の秘密化を進めようというのだから呆れはてる。
　昨年の教科書検定で「集団自決」の軍強制が削除され、沖縄から猛反発がおきた。それを受けて渡海文部科学大臣が、「教科書検定制度の透明性の向上」を検討することを示していた。それに対して教科書会社の方が、文科省以上の反動的姿勢を示したということだ。これまで文科省へ批判が集中していたが、昨年の教科書検定問題も実は、教科書会社と文科省の「談合体質」のなかで生み出されたととらえるべきなのだろう。
　そもそも沖縄から反発の声が上がってはじめて、教科書執筆者もことの重大さに気づいたのであり、１１万人余が集まった県民大会がなければ重い腰を上げなかったという点で、文科省と教科書会社にどれだけの差があっただろうか。教科書会社の中には、検定意見をふされるまでもなく、沖縄戦の記述を自主的に「修正」している会社もあった。
　わずか数社で教科書市場を占有し競争が乏しいのだから、会社経営者の間で馴れ合いが生じるのも当然だろう。その中で文科省官僚の意向と政治状況を読み、教科書記述を自主的に変えていく動きも生じているのではないか。以前にも紹介したが、松本清張は「霧の中の教科書」（初出「婦人公論」一九六二年六月）で、すでに以下のように指摘している。

〈文部省の方針としては、今後教科書会社には認可制を採ると云っているが、その基準は「事業を継続するに足る財政能力及び出版経験」にかけられている。これは現在の大資本出版会社でないと、この基準に合わないことを仄めかしている。すでに教科書を五種類ぐらいに限定するとの見解も発表されているので、現在の百七十二社（それぞれが何種類かの教科書を発行している）が近い将来淘汰されて、弱小資本出版会社は脱落する運命にある。殊に大手と呼ばれる数社は、発行部数の多い国語、英語の教科書は絶対確保するだろう。群小出版社の生きる道は、たとえば、家庭科、音楽科のような特殊教材に求めるほかになさそうである。
　これは教科書販売における独占企業を急ぐ道とも云える。
　大手の出版会社は、それぞれが大資本の印刷会社と結んでいる。また印刷資本は財界の資本を導入しているので、これらが将来結合すると、国定教科書の印刷独占ひいては超安全産業独占への野心が心配されるところだ〉（『松本清張社会評論集』講談社文庫５６ページ）。
　
　「霧の中の教科書」を読むと、教科書検定制度が始まった時点で、松本清張はその問題点を正確にとらえていることが分かる。清張は〈教科書の国定化がなぜいけないか〉を〈私たちは小学校のときに、文部省選定の教科書によって政府の思いのままの思想教育をなされた。それが日本の戦争進行になっても強い批判が国民の中から起こり得なかった大きな理由である〉（同７ページ）とし、国定化を防ぐために以下のことを提起している。

〈まず、全国の教育委員の任命制をやめて選挙に戻すことで行政の中央集権化を防ぐこと。現在の教科書検定に文部省調査官の影響力をなくし、教科書内容に対する指摘は、ただ単純な技術上の間違いを訂正させる事務的な面に止めること。更に教科書出版企業の独占化を防ぐこと。それには教科書会社の認可制を止めさせることである〉（同５７ページ）。

　清張の提起は今でも全面的に同意できる。というより、四六年も前に提起されたことが、何一つ実現されないまま現在に至っていることの情けなさを認識すべきなのだろう。それにしても、一九六二年当時、教科書会社が百七十二社もあったというのは驚く。清張が指摘した通りに教科書の独占化は進んだ。さらに、少子化にともなって発行部数が減少するなかで、現行の教科書検定制度を守ることで利益を得る文科省官僚と教科書会社経営者の癒着が深まっていはしないか。検定制度の透明化に逆行する教科書協会の動きを見ると、そう考えざるを得ない。
　昨年の九・二九県民大会で決議された〈検定意見の撤回〉〈「集団自決」の軍強制記述の復活〉という要求は未だ実現されていない。県民大会では同時に、教科書検定制度の透明化も要求されていた。それに逆らって不透明化＝密室化を進めようという教科書協会の動きを許せば、次に来るのは、物言う執筆者の排除であるのは間違いない。そうさせてはいけないし、四六年前に清張が提起したことを再認識し、いかに実現するかが問われている。

タカハシ望遠鏡

2009-04-23T12:57:00.000+09:00

使用者から見た天体望遠鏡各メーカーの特徴を書いたページです。個人の意見や偏見なども大いに入っていますので、軽い気持ちで読んでいただければ幸いです。

高橋製作所（タカハシ）

タカハシ望遠鏡性能が非常に高いことで、世界的に人気がある天体望遠鏡メーカーです。今現在、最も高い性能を有するアマチュア用天体望遠鏡のラインナップを有するメーカーだと思います。タカハシの製品は、究極の天体写真を撮ったりするハイアマチュアに特に人気があります。

その製品作りは妥協知らずという感じで、無骨なデザインでも性能はピカイチを目指すというポリシーが感じられます。製品の値段は大変高価ですが、それを払っても余りある高い性能が人を引きつけて止みません。

睡蓮の花びら

2009-03-27T14:20:00.000+09:00

ご要望のあった「睡蓮」の作りかたのページです。

まだ未完成です。途中までですが、よろしければごらん下さい。

1.　花びらピースの作りかた

まず、花びらのピースをつくります。
普通のピースではなく、ちょっと変わったピースを作ります、「変わり折」といいます。
用意するピース
大---10ｃｍ×15ｃｍ　16枚
中--- 7ｃｍ×11ｃｍ　24枚
小--- 5ｃｍ× 9ｃｍ　16枚
大、中、小　とも同じ折りかたをしてください。

1	2
3	4
5	6
7	8
9	10
11	12
13	変わり折の花びらピースの出来上がりです。本物の睡蓮の花びらの色は、ピンク、白、黄色等が一般的だとおもうのですが、今回は作り方を分かっていただくために、１段毎に赤とピンクで作成してみました。皆さんはご自由に決めてください。

2.　花芯ピースの作りかた

花芯ピースの作り方は「基本ピースの作り方」を参照していただきますが、用紙サイズは（3.8ｃｍ×2ｃｍ）として、８ピース作成してください。
本物の睡蓮は、花芯の色は黄色だと思います。かなり小さいので落ち着いてゆっくり作ってくださいね。

3.　組み立てかた

14.　１段目は針で通して輪にします。

15.　針を通す位置を間違えないように。すこし硬くて通しにくいの注意。

17.　糸を通す位置が分かりますか？。１段目８ピース通します。

18.　８ピースで括る。

19.　１段目の完成。すこし緩めにしておくのがいいようです。

20.　２段目のピースは接着します。（木工用ボンド）

21.　ボンドをつける位置は裏表両面

22.

23.

24.　前につけたピースが外れたりしてすこしイライラします。
　　　ゆっくりゆっくり

25.　２段目の完成です。ボンドが固まるようにすこし休憩。

26.　３段目を挿します

27.　３段目の完成。落ち着いてゆっくり作ってください。

28.　４段目の完成。段をおう毎に花びらを立てていきます。

29.　５段目の完成。だんだん格好になってきました。

30.　６段目の完成

31.　花びらの組み立て完了です。

32.　ティッシュを２枚分ぐらいちぎります。

33.　１ちぎり分を丸めます。

34.　次をかぶせて丸めます。

35.　花びら組合せの中央の穴よりすこし大きくなった時点で、かぶせるチッシュにボンドをつけます

36.　かぶせて丸めます。

37.

38.　穴の縁にボンドを付けます。

39.　丸めたティッシュを載せます。

40.　はがれないようにすこし押し付けておいてください。

41.作っておいた花芯ピースを接着します。

43.　丸めたティッシュの上に花芯ピースを貼り付けていきます。

44.

45.

46.

48.　完成です。ボンドが固まってから花びらの形を整える。

どうでしたか？

うまく出来たでしょうか。　ページが重たくなったので、写真をすこし小さくしました。

完成品を、睡蓮ページで、すこし大きめの写真で紹介していますのでご覧になってください。

2008-05-03T01:24:00.001+09:00

The Public Works Administration of 1933 (PWA) was a part of the first New Deal agency that made contracts with private firms for construction of public works. It was headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in the midst of the Great Depression. It allotted 3.3 billion dollars to be spent on the construction of public works as a means of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, improving public welfare, and contributing to a revival of American industry. Simply put, it was designed to spend "big bucks on big projects."

Notable projects

Logan Fontenelle Housing Project - Omaha, Nebraska
Grand Coulee Dam - Grand Coulee, Washington
Siuslaw River Bridge - Florence, Oregon
Southwest High School (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Bourne Bridge - Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Sagamore Bridge - Sagamore, Massachusetts
Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge - Bourne, Massachusetts
Mark Keppel High School - Alhambra, California
Illini Union, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Urbana, Illinois
Natural Resources Building, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Urbana, Illinois

2008-05-02T02:07:00.001+09:00

Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг (help·info), tr.: Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪˈrburk]) is a city and a federal subject located in Northwestern Federal District of Russia on the Neva River at the east end of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. St. Petersburg's informal name, Piter (Питер), is based on how Peter the Great was called by foreigners. The city's other names were Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924) and Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) Among cities of the world with over one million people, Saint Petersburg is the northernmost. The historic center of St. Petersburg is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Russia's political and cultural center for 200 years, the city is impressive, and is sometimes referred to in Russia as "the Northern Capital" (северная столица, severnaya stolitsa).

History
On May 1, 1703 Peter the Great took the Swedish fortress of Nyenskans and the city Nyen on the Neva river. On May 27, 1703 (May 16, Old Style) he founded the city after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden in the Great Northern War. He named the city after his patron saint, the apostle Saint Peter. The original name Sankt Pieterburg (pronounced Sankt Piterburh) was borrowed from Dutch (Modern Dutch Sint Petersburg), because Peter had lived and studied in the Netherlands; he also spent three months in Britain, and was also influenced by his experience in the rest of Europe.

The new capital
Several revolutions, uprisings, assassinations of Tsars, and power takeovers in St. Peterburg had shaped the course of history in Russia and influenced the world. In 1801, after the assassination of the Emperor Paul I, his son became the Emperor Alexander I. Alexander I ruled Russia during the Napoleonic Wars and expanded his Empire by acquisitions of Finland and part of Poland. His mysterious death in 1825 was marked by the Decembrist revolt, which was suppressed by the Emperor Nicholas I, who ordered execution of leaders and exiled hundreds of their followers to Siberia. Nicholas I then pushed for Russian nationalism by suppressing non-Russian nationalities and religions., were fabricated and resulted in death sentences for many top leaders of Leningrad, and severe repressions of thousands of top officials and intellectuals.

Revolutions

Main article: Siege of Leningrad After the war
Further information: Geography of Saint Petersburg
The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 km². The area of the federal subject is 1439 km², which contains the Saint Petersburg proper, and suburban towns (Kolpino, Krasnoye Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Peterhof, Pushkin, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk), all together over 20 municipalities and rural localities.
Saint Petersburg is situated on the middle taiga lowlands along the shores of the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, and islands of the river delta. The largest are Vasilyevsky island (besides the artificial island between Obvodny canal and Fontanka, and Kotlin in the Neva Bay), Petrogradsky, Dekabristov and Krestovsky. The latter together with Yelagin and Kamenny island are covered mostly by parks.
The Karelian Isthmus, north of the city, is a popular resort area. In the south Saint Petersburg crosses the Baltic-Ladoga Klint and meets the Izhora Heights.
The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 m (577') at the Orekhovaya hill in the Duderhof Heights in the south. Part of the city's territory west of Liteyny Prospekt, is no higher than 4 m above sea level, and has suffered from numerous floods. Floods in Saint Petersburg are triggered by a long wave in the Baltic Sea, caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of the Neva Bay. The most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (421 cm above sea-level
Since the 18th century the terrain in the city has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m, making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city.
Besides Neva and its distributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are Sestra, Okhta and Izhora. The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed by Lakhtinsky Razliv, Suzdal Lakes and other smaller lakes.
St. Petersburg's position on the latitude of ca. 60° N, causes variation in day length across seasons, ranging from 5:53 to 18:50. Twilight may last all night in early summer, from June to mid-July, the celebrated phenomenon known as the white nights.

Geography
Saint Petersburg experiences a humid continental climate of the cool summer subtype (Köppen: Dfb), due to the distinct moderating influence of the Baltic Sea cyclons. Summers are typically cool, humid and quite short, while winters are long, cold, but with frequent warm spells. The average daily temperature in July is 22C (72 F), summer maximum is about 34C (94F), winter minimum is about -27 °C (-17 °F), the record low temperature is -35.9 °C (-33 °F), recorded in 1883. The average wholeyear temperature is +4 °C (39 °F). The River Neva within the city limits usually freezes up in November-December, break-up occurs in April. From December to March there are 123 days average with snow cover, which reaches the average of 24 cm (9.5") by February. The frost-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. The city has a climate slightly warmer than its suburbs. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round.
Average annual precipitation varies across the city, averaging 600 mm per year and reaching maximum in late summer. Soil moisture is almost always high because of lower evapotranspiration due to the cool climate. air humidity is 78% on average, overcast is 165 days a year on average.

Climate
Further information: Demographics of Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. 2002 census recorded population of the federal subject 4,661,219, or 3.21% of the total population of Russia. The 2002 census recorded twenty-two ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. The ethnic composition was: Russian 84.72% • Ukrainian 1.87% • Belarusians 1.17% • Jewish 0.78% • Tatar 0.76% • Armenian 0.41% • Azeri 0.36% • Georgian 0.22% • Chuvash 0.13% • Polish 0.10% and many other smaller ethnic groups. 7.89% of the inhabitants declined to state their ethnicity.
People in urban Saint Petersburg live mostly in apartments. Between 1918 and 1990s, the Soviets nationalised housing and forced residents to share communal apartments (kommunalkas). With 68% living in shared flats in the 1930s, Leningrad was the largest city in the USSR by the number of kommunalkas. Resettling residents of kommunalkas is now on the way, albeit shared apartments are still not uncommon. As new boroughs were built on the outskirts in the 1950s-1980s, over half a million low income families eventually received free apartments, and additional hundred thousand condos were purchased by the middle class. While economic and social activity is concentrated in the historic city centre, the richest part of Saint Petersburg, most people live in the commuter areas.
For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 9.1 per 1000 [17]

Demographics
Further information: Government in Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a federal subject of Russia.
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, being two different federal subjects, share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police, FSB, postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services.

Government
As in other large Russian cities, Saint Petersburg experiences fairly high levels of Street crime and bribery. In addition, in recent years there has been a noticeable increase in racially motivated violence. On the other hand, unlike in Moscow, there have been no major terrorist attacks in St. Petersburg in recent years.

Crime
Further information: Economy of Saint Petersburg
St. Petersburg is a major trade gateway, financial and industrial center of Russia specialising in oil and gas trade, shipbuilding yards, aerospace industry, radio and electronics, software and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and other military equipment, mining, instrument manufacture, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (production of aluminium alloys), chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, publishing and printing, food and catering, wholesale and retail, textile and apparel industries, and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner, one of Russia's two pioneering automobile manufacturers (along with Russo-Baltic), Lessner; founded by machine tool and boiler maker G. A. Lessner in 1904, with designs by Boris Loutsky, it survived until 1910.

Economy
The city is a major transport hub. In 1837 the first Russian railroad was built here. Today St. Petersburg is the final destination of Trans-Siberian railroad, and a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (Baltiysky, Finlyandsky, Ladozhsky, Moskovsky and Vitebsky) and three smaller commercial and cargo airports in the suburbs. There is a regular 24/7 rapid bus transit connection between Pulkovo airport and the city center.
The city is also served by the passenger and cargo seaports in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, the river port higher up Neva, and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of the Volga-Baltic and White Sea-Baltic waterways. In 2004 the first high bridge that doesn't need to be drawn, a 2824 m long Big Obukhovsky Bridge, was opened. Meteor hydrofoils link the city centre to the coastal towns of Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Peterhof, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk from May through October.
Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transportation (buses, trams, trolleybuses) and several hundred routes served by marshrutkas. Trams in Saint Petersburg used to be the main transportation; in the 1980s, Leningrad had the largest tramway network in the world, but many tramway rail tracks were dismantled in the 2000s. Buses carry up to 3 million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bas routes. Saint Petersburg Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 4 lines with 60 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2,8 million passengers daily. Metro stations are decorated in marble and bronze. The 5th metro line is scheduled to open in 2008.
Traffic jams are common in the city, because of narrow streets, parking sites along their edges, high daily traffic volumes between the commuter boroughs and the city center, intercity traffic, and at times excessive snowing in winter. Five segments of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road were opened between 2002 and 2006, and full ring is planned to open in 2010.
Saint Petersburg is part of the important transport corridor linking Scandinavia to Russia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the international European routes E18 towards Helsinki, E20 towards Tallinn, E95 towards Pskov, Kiev and Odessa and E105 towards Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).

Transport
Further information: Landmarks of Saint Petersburg
The majestic appearance of St. Petersburg is achieved through a variety of architectural details including long, straight boulevards, vast spaces, gardens and parks, decorative wrought-iron fences, monuments and decorative sculptures. The Neva River itself, together with its many canals and their granite embankments and bridges gives the city a unique and striking ambience. These bodies of water led to St. Petersburg being given the name of "Venice of the North".
St. Petersburg's position below the Arctic Circle, on the same latitude as nearby Helsinki, Stockholm, Aberdeen and Oslo (60° N), causes twilight to last all night in May, June and July. This celebrated phenomenon is known as the "white nights". The white nights are closely linked to another attraction — the eight drawbridges spanning the Neva. Tourists flock to see the bridges drawn and lowered again at night to allow shipping to pass up and down the river. Bridges open from May to late October according to a special schedule between approximately 2 a.m. and 4:30 a.m.
The historical center of St. Petersburg, sometimes called the outdoor museum of Architecture, was the first Russian patrimony inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

Built environment and landmarks

Main article: List of bridges in Saint Petersburg Canals and Bridges
Saint Petersburg is known as the city of palaces. One of the earliest of these is the Summer Palace, a modest house built for Peter I in the Summer Garden (1710–1714). Much more imposing are the baroque residences of his associates, such as the Kikin Hall and the Menshikov Palace on the Neva Embankment, constructed from designs by Domenico Trezzini over the years 1710 to 1716. A residence adjacent to the Menshikov palace was redesigned for Peter II and now houses the State University.
Probably the most illustrious of imperial palaces is the baroque Winter Palace (1754–1762), a vast stately building with over 600 rooms and dazzlingly luxurious interiors, now housing the Hermitage Museum. Also designed in the Neoclassical style is the Yusupov's Moyka palace (built in the 1790s), where Rasputin was killed by Prince Yusupov. Other treasured palaces are the Razumovsky palace (1762–1766); the Shuvalov palace (1830–1838); and the Yelagin Palace (1818–1822), a sumptuous summer dacha of the imperial family, situated on the Yelagin Island. The last Royal residences were built for Nicholas I's children: the Mariinsky Palace (1839–1844), located just opposite St Isaac's Cathedral, is now housing the St. Petersburg City Legislature and Offices of Representatives, the Nicholas Palace (1853–61), and the New Michael Palace (1857-1861). All major palaces are now housing numerous state and private museums and various branches of the government.

Palaces of the Tsars
While many cathedrals and buildings formerly owned by churches and monasteries still belong to the Russian government, since their seizure in 1917, some were eventually returned to congregations. The largest cathedral in the city is St Isaac's Cathedral (1818–1858), it is the biggest gold-plated dome in the world. It was constructed over 40 years under supervision of architects Auguste de Montferrand and Vasily Stasov. The Kazan Cathedral on the Nevsky Prospekt is a national landmark in the Empire style, modeled after St Peter's, Vatican. The Church of the Savior on Blood (1883–1907), is a monument in the old Russian style which marks the spot of Alexander II's assassination. The Peter and Paul Cathedral (1712–1732), a long-time symbol of the city, contains the sepulchers of Peter the Great and other Russian emperors. The St. Nicholas Cathedral and the Great Choral Synagogue are near the Mariinsky Opera Theatre. Most cathedrals and temples operate today as places of worship as well as museums, and there are numerous other places of worship in all major religions.
Of baroque structures, the grandest is the white-and-blue Smolny Convent (1748–1764), later the Smolny Institute, a striking design by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, but never completed. It is followed by the Naval Cathedral of St Nicholas (1753–1762), a lofty structure dedicated to the Russian Navy, the outside being covered with plaques to sailors lost at sea. The church of Sts. Simeon and Anna (1731–1734), St. Sampson Cathedral (1728–1740), St. Pantaleon church (1735–1739), and St. Andrew's Cathedral (1764–1780) are all worth mentioning.
The Neoclassical churches are numerous. Many of them are intended to dominate vast squares, like St. Vladimir's Cathedral (1769–1789), not to be confused with the church of Our Lady of Vladimir (1761–1783). The Transfiguration Cathedral (1827–29) and the Trinity Cathedral (1828–1835, fire-damaged) were both designed by Vasily Stasov. Smaller churches include the Konyushennaya (1816–1823), also by Stasov, the "Easter Cake" church (1785–1787), noted for its droll appearance, St Catherine church on the Vasilievsky Island (1768–1771), and numerous non-Orthodox churches on the Nevsky Prospekt.
The Alexander Nevsky Monastery, intended to house the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky, is graced by two cathedrals and five smaller churches in various styles. The monastery is also one of three main centers of Christian education in Russia, having the Russian Orthodox Academy and Seminary and the residence of the St. Petersburg Patriarch. It is also remarkable for the Tikhvin Cemetery, with graves of such dignitaries as writers Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Ivan Krylov, composers Pyotr Ilyich Tchaykovsky and Modest Mussorgsky, pianist Anton Rubinstein, director Georgy Tovstonogov, actors Fyodor Stravinsky, Vera Komissarzhevskaya, Nikolay Simonov, mayor Anatoly Sobchak and many other notable Russians.
The Grand Choral Synagogue of St. Petersburg is the second largest in Europe. It was opened in 1893, with the building permit obtained in 1869 from the Tsar Alexander II. The Small Synagogue was opened in 1886. On 5 Tamuz 5761 (June 26, 2001), the greater hall ("Bolshoi Zal" in Russian) was reopened after reconstruction.
Two small churches in the early Gothic Revival style, both designed by Yuri Felten, are the St John the Baptist (1776–1781) and the Chesmenskaya (1777–1780). The late 19th century and early 20th century temples are designed in the Russian Revival or Byzantine Revival styles. Saint Petersburg Mosque (1909–1920), once the largest in Europe, is modeled after the Gur-e Amir Mosque in Samarkand.
St Petersburg Buddhist temple was the first in Europe. Construction was funded by subscriptions of the Dalai Lama and Russian and Mongolian Buddhists; the structure was inaugurated in the presence of Itigilov in 1914 and served as a valuable resource to transient Buryats, Kalmyks and other Buddists during World War I. It did not function from 1935 to 1991, when the lamas passed into gulags, and temple and its grounds were used for secular purposes. In 1991 the St. Petersburg datsan was reopened for worship.

Cathedrals and temples
The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes dominant position on the right bank of the Neva river, across the Winter Palace in the center of the city. A boardwalk was built along a portion of the fortress wall, giving visitors a clear view of the city across the river to the south. On the other bank of the Neva, the spit (Strelka) of the Vasilievsky Island is graced by the former Bourse building (1805–1810), an important lanmark in the style of the Greek Revival, is now home of the Museum of Navy. The spit of the Vasilievsky Island is designed as a classic lawn-park on the waterfront, and is highlighted by two tall and colorful Rostral Columns, decorated with statues and prows of battleships. This is a traditional place for music festivals and public events, such as the White Nights festival.
The most famous of St. Petersburg's museums is the Hermitage, one of the world's largest and richest collections of Western European art. Its vast holdings were originally exhibited in the Greek Revival building (1838–1852) by Leo von Klenze, now called the New Hermitage. But the first Russian museum was established by Peter the Great in the Kunstkammer, erected in 1718–1734 on the opposite bank of the Neva River and formerly a home to the Russian Academy of Sciences. Other popular tourist destinations include the State Russian Museum and the Summer Garden, the Ethnography Museum (1900–1911), Stieglitz Museum of Applied Arts (1885–1895), the Suvorov Museum of Military History (1901–1904), and the Political History Museum (1904–06).

The imperial government institutions were housed in stately buildings, such as the General Staff building on the Palace Square (1820–1827), with a huge triumphal arch in the centre, the Senate and Synod buildings on the Senate Square (1827–1843), the Imperial Cabinet (1803–1805) and the City Duma (1784-87) on the Nevsky Prospekt, the Assignation Bank (1783–1790), the Customs Office (1829–1832), and the masterpiece of Russian architecture: the Admiralty (1806–1823), one of the city's most conspicuous landmarks. Most of Imperial palaces and state buildings were designed by reputable architects invited by the Russian Tsar's from European capitals, such as Domenico Trezzini, Giacomo Quarenghi, Thomas de Thomon, Bartholomeo Rastrelli, Carlo Rossi and other foreign architects who settled in St. Petersburg and worked on numerous large-scale projects. Next came the generation of Russian-born architects and engineers, such as Zakharov, Stasov, Voronikhin, Starov, and other Russians who studied abroad and returned to work in St. Petersburg.
The former imperial capital is rich in science and educational institutions. Saint Petersburg State University is based on Vasilievsky Island and in Peterhof. The university's spacious baroque edifice of Twelve Collegia (1722–1744) was designed by Domenico Trezzini. The Academy of Arts (1764–1788), an exceedingly handsome structure, overlooks a quayside adorned with genuine Egyptian griffins and sphinxes. The Smolny Institute (1806–1808), originally the first school for Russian women, was Lenin's headquarters during the Russian Revolution of 1917, is now the office of the Governor. The Catherine's Institute (1804–1807), also designed by Quarenghi, is now the Russian National Library. Another Neoclassical building by Quarenghi, a roomy Horse Guards Riding School (1804–1807), is now the Central Exhibition Hall.
Some historic shops and storehouses are landmarks in their own right, such as the monumental New Holland Arch (1779–1787) and adjacent walls of the New Holland isle. The Merchant Court on the Nevsky Prospekt (1761–1785), also designed by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe, houses the largest extant 18th century shopping mall and supermarket in the world, now rebuilt and updated with several coffee bars and a metro station. Nearby are the Circular Market, erected in 1785–1790, and the Passage, one of the great covered arcades of the mid-19th century.
Nevsky Prospekt is the main avenue of St. Petersburg connecting the Winter Palace with the ancient monastery at Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Nevsky is the busiest shopping destination and the prime center of entertainment and nighlife. Shopping malls, department stores, business centers, built in a variety of styles, include the Eliseev emporium, the House of Books, The Passage, and more.
St Petersburg is a home to more than 50 theatres. The oldest is the Hermitage Theatre, a private palatial theatre of Catherine the Great, still preserving the complex stage machinery of the 18th century. The Alexandrine Theatre, built in 1828–1832 by Carlo Rossi, was named after the wife of Nicholas I. Most famous outside Russia is the Mariinsky Theatre (former Kirov Theatre of Opera and Ballet), which has been styled the capital of the world ballet. The Ciniselli Circus is one of the oldest circus buildings in the world. The Opera House at Saint Petersburg Conservatory, the first in Russia, was founded in 1861 by Anton Rubinstein and bears the name of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; its alumni include Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev, and Shostakovich who also taught here.

Museums and popular sites
Probably the most familiar symbol of St Petersburg is the equestrian statue of Peter the Great, known as the Bronze Horseman and installed in 1782 on the Senate Square. Considered the greatest masterpiece of the French-born Etienne Maurice Falconet, Aleksandr Pushkin's poem about the statue figures prominently in the Russian literature under the name of The Bronze Horseman.
The Palace Square is dominated by the unique Alexander Column(1830–1834), the tallest of its kind in the world and so nicely set that no attachment to the base is needed. A striking monument to Generalissimo Suvorov, represented as a youthful god of war, was erected in 1801 on the Field of Mars, formerly used for military parades and popular festivities. Saint Isaac's Square is graced by the Monument to Nicholas I (1856–1859), which was spared by Bolshevik authorities from destruction as the first equestrian statue in the world with merely two support points (the rear feet of the horse).
The public monuments of St Petersburg also include Mikeshin's circular statue of Catherine II on the Nevsky Avenue, fine horse statues on the Anichkov Bridge, a Rodin-like equestrian statue of Alexander III by Paolo Troubetzkoy, and the Tercentenary monument presented by France in 2003 and installed on the Sennaya Square.
Some of the most important events in the city's history are represented by particular monuments. The Russian victory over Napoleon, for example, was commemorated by the Narva Triumphal Gate (1827–1834), and the victory in the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 — by the Moscow Triumphal Gates (1834–1838). Following this tradition, the Piskarevskoye Cemetery was opened in 1960 as a monument to the victims of the 900-Day Siege.

Monuments and sculptures
St. Petersburg is surrounded by imperial residences, some of which are inscribed in the World Heritage list. These include: Peterhof, with the Grand Peterhof Palace and glorious fountain cascades; Tsarskoe Selo, with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace; and Pavlovsk, which contains a domed palace of Emperor Paul (1782–1786) and one of the largest English-style parks in Europe.
Much of Peterhof and Tsarskoe Selo had to be restored after being dynamited by the retreating Germans in 1944. Other imperial residences have yet to be revived to their former glory. Gatchina, lying 45 km southwest of St Petersburg, retains a royal castle with 600 rooms surrounded by a park. Oranienbaum, founded by Prince Menshikov, features his spacious baroque residence and the sumptuously decorated Chinese palace. Strelna has a hunting lodge of Peter the Great and the reconstructed Constantine Palace, used for official summits of the Russian president with foreign leaders.
Other notable suburbs are Shlisselburg, with a medieval fortress, and Kronstadt, with its 19th century fortifications and naval monuments. Catherinehof, originally intended as a garden suburb, was engulfed by the city in the 19th century.

Suburban parks and palaces
Further information: Society and culture in Saint Petersburg

Society and Culture
St. Petersburg has always been known for its high-quality cultural life. Among the city's more than fifty theaters is the world-famous Mariinsky Theater (also known as the Kirov Theater in the USSR ), home to the Mariinsky Ballet company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky, Anna Pavlova, Rudolph Nureyev, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Galina Ulanova and Natalia Makarova, were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.
Dmitri Shostakovich was born and brought up in St. Petersburg, and dedicated his Seventh Symphony to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony." He wrote the symphony while in Leningrad during the Nazi siege. The 7th symphony was premiered in 1942; its performance in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor Karl Eliasberg was heard over the radio and lifted the spirits of the survivors
St. Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in popular music. The first jazz band in the Soviet Union was founded here by Leonid Utyosov in the 1920s, under the patronage of Isaak Dunayevsky. The first jazz club in the Soviet Union was founded here in the 1950s, and later was named jazz club Kvadrat. In 1956 the popular ensemble Druzhba was founded by Aleksandr Bronevitsky and Edita Piekha, becoming the first popular band in the 1950s USSR. In the 1960s student rock-groups Argonavty, Kochevniki and others pioneered a series of unofficial and underground rock concerts and festivals. In 1972 Leningrad University student Boris Grebenshchikov founded the band Aquarium, that later grew to huge popularity. Since then the "Piter's rock" music style was formed.
In the 1970s many bands came out from "underground" and eventually founded the Leningrad rock club which has been providing stage to such bands as Piknik, DDT, Kino, headed by the legendary Viktor Tsoi, Igry, Mify, Zemlyane, Alisa and many other popular groups. The first Russian-style happening show Pop mekhanika, mixing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talented Sergey Kuryokhin in the 1980s.
Today's St. Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's Sergei Shnurov and Tequilajazzz, to rock veterans Yuri Shevchuk, Vyacheslav Butusov and Mikhail Boyarsky. The Palace Square was stage for Paul McCartney, Rolling Stones, Scorpions and other stars.
The White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and massive show celebrating the end of school year: "Scarlet Sails" celebration in St. Petersburg

Music in St. Petersburg
Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in St. Peterburg.

St. Petersburg in the movies
St. Petersburg has a longstanding and world famous tradition in literature. Dostoyevsky called it "The most deliberate city in the world," emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It frequently appeared to Russian writers as a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin's last poems, the Petersburg stories of Gogol, the novels of Dostoyevsky, the verse of Alexander Blok and Osip Mandelshtam, and in the symbolist novel Petersburg by Andrey Bely. According to Lotman in his chapter, 'The Symbolism of St. Petersburg' in Universe and the Mind, these writers were inspired from symbolism from within the city itself. The themes of water and the conflict between water and stone, interpreted as the conflict between nature and the artificial, and also the theme of theatricality, in which St. Petersburg's building facades and massive boulevards create a stage designed for spectators became important themes for these writers. The effect of life in St. Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important theme for authors such as Pushkin, Gogol, and Dostoyevsky. Another important feature of early St. Petersburg literature is its mythical element, which incorporates urban legends and popular ghost stories, as the stories of Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to St. Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other fantastical elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of St. Petersburg.
Twentieth century writers from St. Petersburg, such as Vladimir Nabokov, Andrey Bely, Yevgeny Zamyatin with his apprentices Serapion Brothers created entire new styles in literature and contributed new insights in the understanding of society through their experience in this city. Anna Akhmatova became important leader for Russian poetry. Her poem Requiem, focuses on the tragedies of living during the time of the Stalinist terror. Another notable 20th century writer from St. Petersburg is Joseph Brodsky, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in St. Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as "A Guide to a Renamed City" and the nostalgic, "In a Room and a Half" .

St. Petersburg in literature
Further information: Sport in Saint Petersburg
St. Petersburg hosted part of the football (soccer) tournament during the 1980 Summer Olympics. The 1994 Goodwill Games were held here.
The first competition here was the 1703 rowing event initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over the Swedish fleet. Yachting events were held by the Russian Navy since the foundation of the city. Equestrianism has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of the military training. Several historic sports arenas were built for Equestrianism since the 18th century, to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh among others.
Chess tradition was highlighted by the 1914 international tournament, in which the title "Grandmaster" was first formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II to five players: Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall, and which the Tsar had partially funded.
Kirov Stadium (now demolished) was one of the largest stadiums anywhere in the world, and the home to FC Zenit Saint Petersburg in 1950-1989 and 1992. In 1951 the attendance of 110,000 set the record for the Soviet football. Zenit now plays their home games at Petrovsky stadium

Sport

Main article: List of People in St. Petersburg Notable people
Saint Petersburg has long been a leading center of science and education in Russia and houses the following institutions:

Russian Academy of Sciences (1724)
Saint Petersburg State University (founded 1724)
Saint Petersburg Naval Academy (founded 1700s)
Imperial Academy of Arts (founded 1757)
Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet
Saint Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy (founded 1798)
Saint Petersburg Mining Institute (Горный институт) (founded 1773)
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (1828)
Pulkovo Observatory (1839)
Ivan Pavlov's Medical Academy and research center. (founded 1880s)
Saint Petersburg Conservatory (1862)
Alexander Military Law Academy (founded 1867)
Saint Petersburg Electrical Engineering University (1886)
Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University (1899)
State Marine Technical University (Корабелка) (1899)
Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (1900)
Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics (1906)
St. Petersburg State Medical Academy (1907)
Saint Petersburg State Technical University of Telecommunications
Saint Petersburg Pharmaceutical Academy
Saint Petersburg Academy of Pediatrics and Maternity (founded 1900)
Saint Petersburg Theatre Academy (former Tenishev's College) (1899)
Saint Petersburg Academy of Film and Television
Russian State University of Pedagogy (Herzen University) (1800s)
St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts (1918)
Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance (Финэк) (1930)
Baltic State Technical University ("ВОЕНМЕХ") (1932)
St. Petersburg Aerospace University (Mozhaysky University)
Smolny College (1999) Education and Science
Further information: List of Sister Cities to Saint Petersburg

Sister cities

Treaty of Saint-Petersburg, a list of the treaties concluded in Saint-Petersburg.
City directory of Ves Petersburg Sources

Нежиховский Р. А. Река Нева и Невская губа, Leningrad, Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.
Oleg Kobtzeff, "Espaces et cultures du Bassin de la Neva: représentations mythiques et réalités géopolitiques", in-Saint-Petersbourg: 1703-2003, Actes du Colloque international, Université de Nantes, Mai 2003, ouvrage coordonné par Walter Zidaric, CRINI, Nantes, 2004. ISBN 2-9521752-0-9
Dmitri Volkogonov Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 1996, ISBN-10: 0761507183
Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, 1997, ISBN-10: 0385479549
Stalin and the Betrayal of Leningrad by John Barber: [18]
Acton, Edward, Vladimir Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg, eds. A Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921 (Bloomington, 1997)
Edward Acton Rethinking the Russian Revolution 1990 Oxford University Press ISBN 0713165308
Voline The Unknown Revolution Black Rose Books
Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990)
Figes, Orlando. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924, : ISBN 0-14-024364
Reed, John. Ten Days that Shook the World. 1919, 1st Edition, published by BONI & Liveright, Inc. for International Publishers. Transcribed and marked by David Walters for John Reed Internet Archive. Penguin Books; 1st edition. June 1, 1980. ISBN 0-14-018293-4.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

2008-05-01T00:10:00.001+09:00

For the defunct british television channel please see Lifestyle (TV channel).
In sociology, a lifestyle is the way a person lives. This includes patterns of social relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress. A lifestyle typically also reflects an individual's attitudes, values or worldview.
Having a specific "lifestyle" means engaging in a characteristic bundle of behaviors that makes sense to both others and the self in different times and places. Therefore, a lifestyle can be used to forge a sense of self and to create cultural symbols for the way a person is. The behaviors and practices within lifestyles are a mixture of habits, conventional ways of doing things, and reasoned actions.
In business, "lifestyles" provide a means of targeting consumers as advertisers and marketers endeavor to match consumer aspirations with products. Lifestyles refer to patterns in which people live, spend time and money. These patterns reflect the demographic factors (the habits, attitudes, tastes, moral standards, economic level and so on) that together constitute the mode of living of an individual or group); they include things such as the individual's activities, in addition to their interests. As a construct that helps consumers interact with their worlds, lifestyles are subject to change at any time. Consumer behaviour research uses lifestyle data to determine which consumers buy products.
In environment, "lifestyles" are often associated with particular footprint. Green lifestyles are those lifestyles that consume less of the planets resources then other types of lifestyles.
The term "lifestyle" first appeared in 1939. Alvin Toffler predicted an explosion of lifestyles ("subcults") as diversity increases in post-industrial societies. Pre-modern societies did not require a term approaching sub-culture or "lifestyle", as different ways of living were expressed as entirely different cultures, religions, ethnicities or by an oppressed minority racial group. As such the minority culture was always seen as alien or other. "Lifestyles", by comparison, are accepted or partially accepted differences within the majority culture or group. This tolerance of differentiation within a majority culture seems to be associated with modernity and capitalism.
Within anarchism, lifestylism is a belief that by changing one's own personal lifestyle, and by retreating from class struggle, an anarchist society can be formed.

Specific interpretations of lifestyle
The term "the lifestyle" can also mean what is more commonly called swinging. This term was first used in the early 1970s by ClubWideWorld, a swing club in Anaheim, California, for advertisements in the Los Angeles Free Press. "The Lifestyle" was a more inclusive and acceptable term for swinging. People in "the lifestyle" most commonly are a couple, often a married couple. They meet other like-minded couples or occasionally singles through various websites, private/public clubs, and on tours to lifestyles-friendly resorts, to engage in sexual acts/activities. Not all lifestyle activities are sexual, as they may also meet to educate, support, or help others who are in "the lifestyle".

2008-04-30T01:55:00.001+09:00

Havdalah (הבדלה) is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat and holidays, and ushers in beginning of the new week. In Judaism, Shabbat ends -- and the new week begins -- at nightfall. Havdalah may be recited as soon as three stars are visible in the night sky. Some communities delay the Havdalah until later, in order to prolong Shabbat. If for some reason one cannot make Havdalah on Saturday night, it may be observed as late as Tuesday evening.
Havdalah is normally recited over kosher wine or kosher grape juice, although other beverages (except for water) may be used if wine or grape juice are not available. On completion of the Shabbat, a special braided Havdalah candle with more than one wick is lit, and a prayer is recited. Spices, often stored in a decorative spice container, are handed around so that everyone can smell the fragrance. In the Sephardi community, branches of aromatic plants are used for this purpose. After Yom Kippur, a candle is used but not spices.
At the conclusion of Havdalah, the leftover wine is poured into a small dish and the candle is extinguished in it, as a sign that the candle was lit solely for the mitzvah of havdalah. Based on Psalms 19:9, "the commandment of the Lord is clear, enlightening the eyes," some Jews dip a finger into the leftover wine and touch their eyes or pockets with it. Because it was used for a mitzvah, the wine is considered a "segulah," or good omen. (reference - http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=16240)
When a major holiday follows Shabbat, the Havdalah service is recited as part of the holiday kiddush. Two holiday candles are held together for Havdalah and are not extinguished, because putting out a flame is prohibited on holidays, in the same way that it is on Shabbat.
Some Hassidic Jews, particularly (though not exclusively) women, recite the Yiddish prayer God of Abraham before Havdalah. After the Havdalah candle, it is customary to sing "Eliyahu Hanavi" and bless one another with the words "Shavu'a tov" (Hebrew) or "Gutte Voch" (Yiddish) (Have a good week). In some households, the participants break into a dance.

2008-04-28T00:35:00.001+09:00

In medicine, differential diagnosis (sometimes abbreviated DDx or ΔΔ) is the systematic method physicians use to identify the disease causing a patient's symptoms.
Before a medical condition can be treated, it must be identified. In the process of listening to a patient's complaints, examining the patient, and taking the patient's personal, family and social history, the physician makes a mental list of the most likely causes, or differential diagnoses. The doctor asks additional questions and performs tests to eliminate possibilities until he or she is satisfied that the single most likely cause has been identified.

In popular culture
The term and methodology have been recently popularized by the television series House, MD, where Dr. Gregory House, a certified diagnostician, uses differential diagnosis to solve medical mysteries.

2008-04-27T01:11:00.001+09:00

Church of England
In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the equivalent is General Convention.

Other Churches
In the North American Lutheran tradition, General Synod refers to a church body (denomination) which existed from 1820-1918. See General Synod (Lutheran).

2008-04-26T02:38:00.001+09:00

The first newspaper published by Americans in California was the Californian, printed in Monterey in 1846 announcing the Mexican American War, written half in English and half Spanish. The press was moved to San Francisco and printing started up again on May 22, 1847 in competition with the weekly California Star, beginning that January. The first newspaper published solely in English in San Francisco was The Star published by Mormon pioneer Sam Brannan before San Francisco was renamed from Yerba Buena in 1847. Both efforts suspended publication in the face of the California Gold Rush. By August, the Californian had resumed publication, but by November 1848, both papers were bought and merged, then renamed the Alta California.
The press that once printed the Californian was moved to the Sacramento area to be used on the Placer Times. The press was again moved and began publishing the Motherlode's first paper, the Sonora Herald, then taken to Columbia to print the Columbia Star. Within a few years of the discovery of gold, mother lode towns all had multiple competing journals. Before 1860, California had 57 newspapers and periodicals serving an average readership of 290,000.
James King of William began publishing the Daily Evening Bulletin in San Francisco in October, 1855 and built it into the highest circulation paper in the city. He criticized a city supervisor named James P. Casey, who, on the afternoon of the story about him, ran in the paper, shot and mortally wounded King. Casey was lynched by the early vigilante committee. The Morning Call was established and began publishing in December 1856, and later merged with the Bulletin to become the long-running Call-Bulletin. The San Francisco Chronicle debuted in June, 1865 as the Dramatic Chronicle, founded by Charles and M.H. de Young aged 19 and 17. Colonel (later General) Harrison Gray Otis took over management of two Los Angeles papers and established the Los Angeles Times.
In 1887, young William Randolph Hearst took over his father's Daily Examiner, which became the flagship of his national chain.
Fremont Older became editor of the San Francisco Bulletin in 1895 and took up the struggle against the powerful Southern Pacific Railroad and along with fellow Californian Lincoln Steffens, became a well-known muckraker and the first objective observer to accuse District Attorney Charles Fickert of the framing of labor radical Thomas Mooney.
The oldest African-American newspaper, still active in the 1930s, was the California Eagle. It appeared first in Los Angeles in 1879. The first French journals, the Californien and the Gazette Republicane both began in 1850, and were followed by the Courrier du Pacifique in 1852. Both the first German and first Italian papers, the California Demokrat (1852) and the Voce del Popolo (1859) were founded in San Francisco and had long runs. Chinese in California have published many newspapers, the first being the Gold Hills News in 1854.
Famous journalists, writers, cartoonists and publishers have passed through San Francisco's media world, including Ambrose Bierce, James King of William, Henry George, William Randolph Hearst, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, Charles Warren Stoddard, Prentice Mulford, Joaquin Miller, Will Irwin, Wallace Irwin, Gelett Burgess, Gertrude Atherton, Jack London, Fremont Older, Rube Goldberg, Herbert Asbury, Winifred Bonfils, John Bruce, William Martin Camp, Art Hoppe, John Wasserman, Harry Jupiter, Charles McCabe, Harold Gilliam, Phil Elwood, Randy Shilts, Herb Caen, Warren Hinkle, Bruce Brugmann
By the early decades of the 20th century, San Francisco supported four major dailies and numerous influential weeklies. The dailies were the San Francisco Call (later Call-Bulletin), the San Francisco Examiner, the San Francisco Chronicle and the Scripps-Howard, the Daily News. The weeklies included the Wasp, the ARGONAUT, the Labor Clarion, the Coast Seamen's Journal, Emanu-el, Liberator and the News Letter.
The San Francisco Daily Journal, the Bay Area branch of the nation's oldest and largest legal daily, covers daily legal news. There are numerous community-specific papers that serve niche markets and individual neighborhoods

2008-04-25T02:29:00.000+09:00

Lookout Mountain is a city in Walker County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,617 at the 2000 census. The city is located on Lookout Mountain, home to such attractions as Rock City and Ruby Falls. The city is also home to Covenant College.

Geography
Lookout Mountain is located at 34°58′31″N, 85°21′17″W (34.975307, -85.354826).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (6.9 km²), all of it land.

2008-04-24T01:45:00.001+09:00

James Dixon (August 5, 1814 – March 27, 1873) was a United States Representative and Senator from Connecticut. Born in Enfield, Connecticut, he pursued preparatory studies, and graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1834. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Enfield. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1837-1838 and 1844, and served as speaker in 1837; he moved to Hartford, Connecticut in 1839 and continued the practice of law. He was elected as a Whig to the House, serving during the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Congresses (March 4, 1845-March 3, 1849), and was a member of the State house of representatives in 1854. He declined the nomination for Governor of Connecticut in 1854, and was an unsuccessful candidate for United States Senator in 1854.
Dixon was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1856, and reelected in 1863, serving from March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1869. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses (Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses) and a member of the Committees on District of Columbia (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses) and Post Office and Post Roads (Thirty-ninth Congress). He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives in 1868. He was appointed Minister to Russia in 1869 but declined; he engaged in literary pursuits and extensive traveling until his death in Hartford on March 27, 1873. Interment was in Cedar Hill Cemetery.

2008-04-23T02:47:00.001+09:00

A MOO , an acronym for (MUD object oriented), is a text-based online virtual reality system to which multiple users (players) are connected at the same time,
The term MOO is used in two distinct, but related, senses. One is to refer to those programs descended from the original MOO server, and the other is to refer to any MUD that uses object oriented techniques to organize its database of objects, particularly if it does so in a similar fashion to the original MOO or its derivatives. Most of this article refers to the original MOO and its direct descendants, but see Non-Descendant MOOs for a list of MOO-like systems.
The original MOO server was authored by Stephen White, based on his experience from creating the programmable TinyMUCK system. There was additional later development and maintenance from LambdaMOO administrator, and former Xerox PARC employee, Pavel Curtis.
One of the most distinguishing features of a MOO is that its users can perform object oriented programming within the server, ultimately expanding and changing how the server behaves to everyone. Examples of such changes include authoring new rooms and objects, creating new generic objects for others to use, and changing the way the MOO interface operates. The programming language used for extension is the MOO programming language, and many MOOs feature convenient libraries of verbs that can be used by programmers in their coding known as Utilities. The MOO programming language is a domain-specific programming language.

Background
MOO, along with all of its nephews, started out with text based adventure games. With the advent of the internet, MUD was formed as a networked version of one of those games. Eventually it developed into a tree of different types of MUD, with MOO becoming one of them.
Stephen White (also known by the handles "Ghondahrl" and "ghond") wrote the first version of the MOO server, which was released on May 2, 1990, and used for the operation of a server called "AlphaMOO". Pavel Curtis, an employee of Xerox PARC and also known by his handles "Lambda", and "Haakon", took the basic design, language, and code, fixed bugs and added features to release the first version, called "LambdaMOO" on October 30th, 1990.
According to Jill Serpentelli in her paper Conversational Structure and Personality Correlates of Electronic Communication:
Curtis went on to explain how the transition occurred from AlphaMOO to LambdaMOO. After fixing bugs in the system, rewriting some of the code, adding more programming capability, and writing documentation, he had created what he termed "a truly separate entity" from the original AlphaMOO. He dubbed this new system LambdaMOO, after one of his names on the system and, according to Curtis, "because it's a key word in some of the other non-mud research that I do." The new system was announced as open for public access on UseNet (a world-wide bulletin board system) in February of 1991 (Curtis, personal communication).
MOO was originally developed as a MUD server in the same general style (sharing much of the command syntax and community conventions) as TinyMUD.
There are currently two distributions of the MOO server code. The more popular of the two, the LambdaMOO server, is named such as indication of the close historical and continuing association of the MOO server code with the first public MOO, LambdaMOO, which is still popular today.
It is this LambdaMOO version of MOO that gained popularity in the early 90s, and it remains the most widely-used distribution of MOO. Pavel Curtis continued to maintain the server for several years. Other early contributors to the LambdaMOO server included users Tim Allen ("Gemba"), "Gary_Severn", Roger Crew ("Rog"), Judy Anderson ("yduJ"), and Erik Ostrom (known as "Joe Feedback"). Later, Erik Ostrom maintained the server, and the server is now maintained by Ben Jackson and Jay Carlson and has a LambdaMOO SourceForge.net project.
Sometime around early 2005, the GammaMOO server forked from LambdaMOO with the goal of being a testing ground for new features not yet qualified for inclusion in the main MOO distribution (which has very strict standards for any changes). It can be seen as a the equivalent of a "development branch" that most other projects have.

History
Some servers use MOO style object oriented characteristics without being descended from the original MOO server, in the sense that they use little or none of that server's source code and use internal languages that are more or less incompatible with the MOO programming language. None of them have attained the popularity of LambdaMOO or its relatives.
Stephen White went on to write a new and similar system called CoolMUD, although it never obtained the same wide userbase as MOO. Another, later, attempt at a programmable object-oriented MU* server was ColdMUD, written by Greg Hudson and later maintained by Brandon Gillespie under the name "Genesis".
One unusual MOO with no real relationship to the original MOO is called mooix. mooix is unique among MUDs in that it uses the underlying UNIX operating system to handle all of the multitasking and networking issues. Several unique side effects result from this, one of which is that the MOO can be programmed in any language. mooix was written after a failed attempt by Joey Hess to write a MOO entirely in Perl, called perlmoo.
There are a number of MOOs written in Python, including POO, MOOP, and playsh.

Non-Descendant MOOs
Participants (usually referred to as users) connect to a MOO using telnet or some other, more specialized, client program. Upon connection, they are usually presented with a welcome message explaining how to either create a new character or connect to an existing one.
Having connected to a character, users then give one-line commands that are parsed and interpreted by the MOO as appropriate. Such commands may cause changes in the virtual reality, such as the location of a character, or may simply report on the current state of that reality, such as the appearance of some object.
The job of interpreting those commands is shared between the two major components in the MOO system: the server and the database. The server is a program, written in a standard programming language, that manages the network connections, maintains queues of commands and other tasks to be executed, controls all access to the database, and executes other programs written in the MOO programming language. The database contains representations of all the objects in the virtual reality, including the MOO programs that the server executes to give those objects their specific behaviours.
Almost every command is parsed by the server into a call on a MOO procedure, or verb, which actually does the work. Thus, programming in the MOO programming language is a central part of making non-trivial extensions to the database and hence the virtual reality.

MOO access
All MOOs provide a flag called Wizard; when set on a player, the player gains the ability to view and modify nearly everything in the MOOs database. Such players are called Wizards, and usually form the basis for MOO administration.
Wizards are able to restrict access to the MOO, as well as make news postings and monitor logs. Wizard permissions are needed for modification and even execution of verbs and properties for which the user does not own, or is not publicly readable/writable. All verbs and properties within objects have the appropriate flags, with the user can change to determine its current state. They are also able to assign global names to any object.

Outline of well-known MOOs

LambdaMOO - The MOO.
MOO programming language
MUSH
MUD
CoolMUD
ColdMUD Essays and documentation

MOO at the Open Directory Project
Echo Duet MOO List - Active MOO directory

2008-04-22T00:06:00.001+09:00

New York (IPA: /nuː jɔɹk/) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States of America. With 62 counties, it is the country's third most populous state. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and shares a water border with Rhode Island as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Its five largest cities are New York City (also the largest city in the United States), Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse.
New York City is known for its history as a gateway for immigration to the United States and its status as a transportation and manufacturing center.
New York was inhabited by Algonquian, Iroquois, and Lenape indigenous people at the time Dutch and French nationals moved into the region in the very early 17th century. First claimed by Henry Hudson in 1609, the region came to have Dutch forts in Fort Orange, present day Albany, NY, in 1614 and was colonized by the Dutch in 1624, at both Albany and Manhattan; it later fell to British annexation in 1664. About one third of all of the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state ratified the United States Constitution in 1788, the 11th state to do so; its own constitution was enacted in 1777.

Geography
The climate of New York State is broadly representative of the humid continental type, which prevails in the northeastern United States, but its diversity is not usually encountered within an area of comparable size. Masses of cold, dry air frequently arrive from the northern interior of the continent. Prevailing winds from the south and southwest transport warm, humid air, which has been conditioned by the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent subtropical waters. These two air masses provide the dominant continental characteristics of the climate. A third great air mass flows inland from the North Atlantic Ocean and produces cool, cloudy, and damp weather conditions.
Nearly all storm and frontal systems moving eastward across the continent pass through or in close proximity to New York State. Storm systems often move northward along the Atlantic coast and have an important influence on the weather and climate of Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley. Frequently, areas deep in the interior of the state feel the effects of such coastal storms.
The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of -25°C or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and -15°C or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The Adirondack region records from 35 to 45 days with below zero temperatures in normal to severe winters.
The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills, and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau. The New York City area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s (25 to 30 ˚C) over much of the State, producing an atmospheric environment favorable to many athletic, recreational, and other outdoor activities.
New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This efficiency is primarily due to the state's relatively higher rate of mass transit use.

Climate
See also: List of New York state parks
New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection in 1894. The thinking that lead to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."
The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885, which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) of land, the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.
The Montauk State Park boasts the Famous Montauk Lighthouse commissioned by our First President ; George Washington ; is a major tourist atrraction and is located in the township of East Hampton ; Suffolk County ; Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sportfisherman.

State parks

Main article: History of New York History

Main article: Demographics of New York Demographics
As of 2006, New York was the third largest state in population after California and Texas, with an estimated population of 19,306,183.

Racial and ancestral makeup
Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York. Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews 5%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation.

Religion

Main article: Economy of New York Economy

Main article: Transportation in New York Transportation

Main article: Government of New York Politics and government

Main article: Politics of New York Politics
For lists of cities, towns, and counties in New York, see List of cities in New York, List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York, List of counties in New York, List of census-designated places in New York and Administrative divisions of New York.
Albany
Buffalo
Schenectady
New York City
Binghamton
Elmira
Poughkeepsie
Rochester
Syracuse
Yonkers
The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which is comprised of five counties, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population. Buffalo is the second largest city in the state. The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population.
The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of a "megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston to the southern suburbs of Washington D.C. in Virginia and therefore occasionally called "BosWash". First described by Jean Gottmann in 1961 as a new phenomenon in the history of world urbanization, the megalopolis is characterized by a coalescence of previous already-large cities of the Eastern Seaboard: a heavy specialization on tertiary activity related to government, trade, law, education, finance, publishing and control of economic activity; plus a growth pattern not so much of more population and more area as more intensive use of already existing urbanized area and ever more sophisticated links from one specialty to another. Several other groups of megalopolis-type super-cities exist in the world, but that centered around New York City was the first described and still is the best example.

Cities and towns

Main article: Education in New York Education

Main article: Sports in New York Navy vessel namesakes

New York census statistical areas

2008-04-21T02:39:00.000+09:00

International relations

International relations theory
Political scientists
Comparative politics
Bureaucracy

Street-level bureaucracy
Executive
Judiciary
Legislature
Electoral systems
Voting
Separation of powers, a term coined by French political Enlightenment thinker Baron de Montesquieu have pointed out that, regardless of whether it accomplishes this end, it also slows down the process of governing, promotes executive dictatorship and unaccountability, and tends to marginalize the legislature.
No democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. Nonetheless, some systems are clearly founded on the principle of separation of powers, while others are clearly based on a mingling of powers.

Consent of the governed
Politics by country
Political economy
Political history
Political philosophy
Political science
Public administration
Separation of powers
Sovereignty
Theories of political behavior
Elections
Federalism
Forms of government
Ideology
Political campaign
Political parties Montesquieu's tripartite system
In democratic systems of governance, a continuum exists between "Presidential government" and "Parliamentary government". "Separation of powers" is a feature more inherent to presidential systems, whereas "fusion of powers" is characteristic of parliamentary ones. "Mixed systems" fall somewhere in between, usually near the midpoint; the most notable example of a mixed system is France's (current) Fifth Republic.
In fusion of powers, one branch (invariably the elected legislature) is supreme, and the other branches are subservient to it. In separation of powers, each branch is largely (although not necessarily entirely) independent of the other branches. Independent in this context means either that selection of each branch happens independently of the other branches or at least that each branch is not beholden to any of the others for its continued existence.
Accordingly, in a fusion of powers system such as that of the United Kingdom, first described as such by Walter Bagehot, the people elect the legislature, which in turn "creates" the executive. As Professor Cheryl Saunders writes, "...the intermixture of institutions [in the UK] is such that it is almost impossible to describe it as a separation of powers." of the executive; instead, the executive is chosen by other means (direct popular election, electoral college selection, etc.) In a parliamentary system, when the term of the legislature ends, so too may the tenure of the executive selected by that legislature. Although in a presidential system the executive's term may or may not coincide with the legislature's, her selection is technically independent of the legislature. However, when the executive's party controls the legislature, the executive often reaps the benefits of what is, in effect, a "fusion of powers". Such situations may thwart the constitutional goal or normal popular perception that the legislature is the more democratic branch or the one "closer to the people," reducing it to a virtual "consultative assembly," politically or procedurally unable—or unwilling—to hold the executive accountable in the event of blatant, even boldly admitted, "high crimes and misdemeanors."

Separation of powers vs. fusion of powers

Other branches
With the title Comptroller General, Auditor General or Comptroller and Auditor General, the European Union's Court of Auditors and Taiwan's Control Yuan are individual or bodies of independent ombudsmen. They are often independent of the other branches of government.
Their purpose is to audit government expenditure and general activity.

Auditory
Sun Yat Sen proposed a branch of government based on the Imperial examination system used in China. The "Examination Yuan" (Traditional Chinese: 考試院; pinyin: Kǎoshì Yuàn), as it is called in Taiwan, is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. This structure has been implemented in the Republic of China.

Civil examination
Costa Rica's Supreme Elections Tribunal is a branch of government that manages elections. Similar independent institutions exist in many other democratic countries, however they are not seen as a branch of government. In many countries, these are known as Electoral Commissions.

Electoral
Many philosophers and political scientists believe that democratic governments are created and constitutions exist to serve the people. The people have their own system of checks and balances by electing the legislative and executive branches. The government also draws its power directly from the people. Without the people, there is no government, just as without the legislative branch, there can be no judicial branch.
In the Constitution of Venezuela, the "citizen's power" is a formal branch of government, though it acts like auditors' branches in other jurisdictions.
See also:

Direct Democracy
Initiative
Referendum
Recall election The people
The federal executive of the United States is a very large bureaucracy, and due to civil service rules, most middle- and low-level government workers do not change when a new President is elected. (New high-level officials are usually appointed and must be confirmed by the Senate.) Moreover, semi-independent agencies (such as the Federal Reserve or the Federal Communications Commission) may be created within the executive by the legislature. These agencies exercise legally defined regulatory powers. High-level regulators are appointed by the President and confirmed by the legislature; they must follow the law and certain lawful executive orders. But they often sit for long, fixed terms and enjoy reasonable independence from other policy makers. Because of its importance to modern governance, the regulatory bureaucracy of the executive is sometimes referred to as a "fourth" branch of government.
This separation is even more pronounced in the United Kingdom. The separation was a prominent element of the Yes Minister comedy television series.

Independent executive agencies

U.S. contractors becoming a fourth branch of government by Scott Shane and Ron Nixon
The Fifth Branch of Government by Joe Wortham The press

Main articles: Freedom of the press and public broadcasting The press around the world
Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide. The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers. India's democratic system also offers a clear separation of power under Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament), Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament), and the President of India, who overlooks independent governing branches such as the Election commission and the Judiciary. Under the Indian constitution, just as in the British system, the Prime Minister is a head of the governing party and functions through a selected group of ministers. In Italy the powers are completely separated, even if Council of Ministers need the vote of confidence from both chambers of Parliament, that's however formed by a wide number of members (almost 1,000).
Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada. Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice, although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government.
Complete separation-of-powers systems are almost always presidential, although theoretically this need not be the case. There are a few historical exceptions, such as the Directoire system of revolutionary France. Switzerland offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today: It is run by a seven-man executive branch, the Federal Council. However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament (but not dependent on parliament), and the judiciary has no power of review.

Various models around the world

Main article: Separation of powers in Australia Australia: three branches

Main article: Government of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China
After eight years of social conflict, the question of who would lead Costa Rica and which transformationist model the State would use was decided by who killed the president. A constituent assembly followed and drew up a new constitution, approved in 1949. This document was an edit of the constitution of 1871, as the constituent assembly rejected more radical corporativist ideas proposed by the ruling junta. Nonetheless, the new constitution increased centralization of power at the expense of municipalities and eliminated provincial government altogether.
It established the three supreme powers as the legislature, executive, and judicial branches, but also created two other autonomous state organs that have equivalent power but not equivalent rank. The first is the Supreme Elections Tribunal (electoral branch) which controls elections and makes unique, unappealable decisions on their outcomes.
The second is the office of the Comptroller General (auditory branch), an autonomous and independent organ nominally subordinate to the unicameral legislative assembly. All budgets of ministries and municipalities must pass through this agency, including the execution of budget items such as contracting for routine operations. The Comptroller also provides financial vigilance over government offices and office holders, and routinely brings actions to remove mayors for malfeasance, firmly establishing this organization as the fifth branch of the Republic.

Costa Rica: five branches
The five institutions (in four branches) of the European Union are:

European Commission - executive
European Parliament & Council of the European Union - legislative
European Court of Justice - judicial
European Court of Auditors - auditory European Union: four branches

Main article: Government of France France
The six main bodies enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany are:
There is also a judicial branch made up of five supreme courts, state (lander) based courts beneath them, and a rarely used senate of the supreme courts.

Federal President (Bundespräsident)
Federal Cabinet (Bundesregierung) - executive
Federal Diet (Bundestag) & Federal Council (Bundesrat) - legislative
Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) - presidential electoral college
Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) Germany: six branches

Main article: Government of Japan Japan
Some countries take the doctrine further than the three-branch system. The politics of Taiwan, for example, has five branches: the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Control Yuan (auditory branch), and Examination Yuan.
Due in part to the Republic's youth, the relationship between its executive and legislative branches are poorly defined. An example of the problems this causes is the near complete political paralysis that results when the president, who has neither the power to veto nor the ability to dissolve the legislature and call new elections, cannot negotiate with the legislature when his party is in the minority. [2]

Taiwan: five branches
In parliamentary systems, a separation of powers is either unclear or even nearly non-existent . For example, in the United Kingdom, the executive forms a subset of the legislature, as does—to a lesser extent—the judiciary. The Prime Minister, the chief executive, must by convention be a Member of the House of Commons and can effectively be removed from office by a simple majority vote. Furthermore, while the courts in Britain are undoubtedly amongst the most independent in the world, the Law Lords, who are the final arbiters of judicial disputes in the UK, sit simultaneously in the House of Lords, the upper house of the legislature, although this arrangement will cease in 2009 when the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom comes into existence. Furthermore, because of the existence of Parliamentary sovereignty, while the theory of separation of powers may be studied in Britain, a system such as that of the UK is more accurately described as a "fusion of powers."
The development of the British constitution, which is not written down in one document, is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch, who has a formal role to play in the legislature (Parliament, which is where legal and political sovereignty lies, is the Crown-in-Parliament, and is summoned and dissolved by the Queen who must give her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts), the executive (the Queen appoints all ministers of Her Majesty's Government, who govern in the name of the Crown) and the judiciary (the Queen, as the fount of justice, appoints all senior judges, and all public prosecutions are brought in her name).
The British legal code is based on common law traditions which requires:

Police or regulators cannot initiate complaints under criminal law but can only investigate, which prevents selective enforcement, e.g. the 'fishing expedition' which is often specifically forbidden
Prosecutors cannot withhold evidence from attorneys for the defendant, to do so results in mistrial or dismissal, accordingly their relation to police is no advantage
Defendants convicted can appeal, but no new evidence can usually be introduced, restricting the power of the court of appeal to the process of law applied United Kingdom
The United Nations has five principle organs [3]. These are:
The members of the councils are either or both elected by the General Assembly and determined by the UN Charter.

General Assembly - legislative
Security Council
Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice - judicial
Secretariat - executive United Nations: five branches

Main article: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution United States: three branches
To prevent one branch from becoming supreme, and to induce the branches to cooperate, governance systems employing a separation of powers typically are created with a system of "checks and balances", a term which, like separation of powers itself, is generally credited to Montesquieu. Checks and balances refers to the various procedural rules that allow one branch to limit another, such as the authority of the president to veto legislation passed by Congress, or the power of Congress to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts.

Writes and enacts laws
Enacts taxes, authorizes borrowing, and sets the budget
Usually has sole power to declare war
May start investigations, especially against the executive branch
Often appoints the heads of the executive branch
Sometimes appoints judges
Ratifies treaties
Sometimes may veto laws
May refuse to enforce certain laws (risking impeachment by the legislature)
May refuse to spend money allocated for certain purposes
Wages war (has operational command of the military)
Makes decrees or declarations (for example, declaring a state of emergency) and promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders
Often appoints judges
Has power to grant pardons to convicted criminals
Determines which laws apply to any given case
Determines whether a law is unconstitutional
Has sole power to interpret the law and to apply it to particular disputes
May nullify laws that conflict with a more important law or constitution
Determines the disposition of prisoners
Has power to compel testimony and the production of evidence
Enforces uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.)
May rule only in cases of an actual dispute brought between actual petitioners
Polices its own members
Is frequently immune to arbitrary dismissal by other branches Checks and balances
The theoretical independence of the executive and legislative branches is partly maintained by the fact that they are separately elected and are held directly accountable to the public. There are also judicial prohibitions against certain types of interference in each others' affairs. (See "separation of powers" cases in the List of United States Supreme Court cases.) Judicial independence is maintained by life appointments of judges, with voluntary retirement, and a high threshold for removal by the legislature. In recent years, there have been accusations that the power to interpret the law is being misused (judicial activism) by some judges in the US. In the checks and balances system, the judicial branch has the right to say that something is unconstitutional, like a law or a bill.
The legal mechanisms constraining the powers of the three branches depend a great deal on the sentiment of the people. A common perception is that popular support establishes legitimacy and makes possible the actual implementation of legal authority. National crises (such as the Civil War, the Great Depression, pre-Pearl Harbor World War II, the Vietnam War) have been the times at which the principle of separation of powers has been most endangered, either through official "misbehavior" or through the willingness of the public to sacrifice such principles if more pressing problems are solved. The system of checks and balances is also self-reinforcing. Potential abuse of power may be deterred, and the legitimacy and sustainability of any power grab is hindered by the ability of the other two branches to take corrective action; though they still must actually do so, therefore accountability is not automatic. This is intended to reduce opportunities for tyranny sometimes.
However, as James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 51 regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, "But it is not possible =] to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates." Bicameralism was, in part, intended to reduce the relative power of the legislature by turning it against itself, by having "different modes of election a different principles of action." (This is one of the arguments against the popular election of Senators, which was instituted by the Seventeenth Amendment.) But when the legislature is unified, it can obtain dominance over the other branches.

Maintaining balance
The American states mirror the executive/legislative/judicial division of the federal government. Major cities tend to do so as well, but the arrangements of local and regional governments vary widely. Because the judicial branch is often a part of a state or county government, the geographic jurisdiction of local judges is often not coterminous with municipal boundaries.
In many American states and local governments, executive authority and law enforcement authority are separated by allowing citizens to directly elect public prosecutors (district attorneys and state attorneys-general). In some states, judges are also directly elected.
Many localities also separate special powers from their executive and legislative branches through the direct election of sheriffs, school boards, transit agency boards, park commissioners, etc.
Juries (groups of randomly selected citizens) also have an important role in the checks-and-balances system. They have the sole authority to not only determine the facts in most criminal and civil cases, but to judge the law, acting as a powerful buffer against arbitrary enforcement by the executive and judicial branches. In many jurisdictions they are also used to determine whether or not a trial is warranted, and in some places Grand Juries have independent investigative powers with regard to government operations.

State and local governments

Main article: Constitution of Venezuela Criticisms

Federalism, also known as vertical separation of powers - Prevents abuse by dividing governing powers, usually by separating municipal, provincial, and national governments. See also subsidiarity.
Rule of law - Prevents arbitrary exercise of the executive power, preserves general and minority rights, and promotes stability and predictability.
Democracy and civil society - Attempts to constrain elected branches of government to act in the public interest, not in self-interest.
Separation of church and state or Laïcité - Ensures freedom of religion by preventing government interference in its practice. Also constrains the power of government by maintaining freedom of conscience and belief.
Civilian control of the military - Helps prevent dictatorship that otherwise might occur through military rule.
In some systems, an independent central bank.
Separation of duties in organizations.
Independent Civil Service.
Negarchy. Notes

Absolute power
Balance of power
Corruption Perceptions Index - Parliamentary systems are, in general, perceived as less corrupt than other systems
Judicial activism
List of democracy and elections-related topics
Signing statement
Unitary executive theory
Fifth power

2008-04-20T01:35:00.001+09:00

A weigh lock is a specialized canal lock designed to determine the weight of barges in order to asses toll payments based upon the weight and value of the cargo carried. This requires that the unladen weight of the barge be known.
A barge to be weighed was brought into a supporting cradle connected by levers to a weighing mechanism. The water was then drained downstream and the scale balance adjusted to determine the barge gross weight. Subtracting the tare weight (the weight of the barge when empty) would give the cargo weight.
An example of a weigh lock (now dry), once part of the Erie Canal, may be found in downtown Syracuse, New York, along with a canal barge and interpretive displays at the Erie Canal Museum.

2008-04-19T02:11:00.001+09:00

Pan Am Flight 708 was a cargo flight that crashed less than 10 miles west-southwest of Tegel Airport in Berlin, Germany, in the early morning hours of November 15, 1966. The flight was a Boeing 727 (N317PA) routed from Frankfurt to Berlin-Tegel and was on initial approach. All three crew members perished. The cause was undetermined because U.S. investigators were not allowed to survey the accident site or the aircraft remains. The accident site was in the Soviet occupation zone.

2008-04-18T00:29:00.001+09:00

The Bishop of St. Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then, as Archbishop of St Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn), the Archdiocese of St. Andrews.
The name St Andrews is not the town or church's original name. Originally it was Cellrígmonaid ("church of the king's mounth" hence Cill Rìmhinn) located at Cennrígmonaid ("head of the king's mounth"); hence the town became Kilrymont (i.e. Cellrígmonaid) in the non-Gaelic orthography of the High Middle Ages). Today St Andrews has replaced both Kilrymont (and variants) as well as the older English term Anderston as the name of the town and bishopric.
The bishopric itself originates in the period 700-900, and is the best attested bishopric in Scottish history. By the 11th century, it is clear that it is the most important bishopric in Scotland.

List of known abbots
It may be misleading to see "St Andrews" as the see of the earliest known later as bishops of St Andrews. Rather, it is likely that the "bishop of the Scots" may have been the only bishop in Scotland with no fixed seat, though many abbots there certainly were all over Scotland.

2008-04-17T01:39:00.001+09:00

A leasehold estate is an ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form of title from a lessor or landlord.

History
A fixed-term tenancy or tenancy for years lasts for some fixed period of time. Despite the name tenancy for years, such a tenancy can last for any period of time — even a tenancy for one week would be called a tenancy for years. The duration need not be certain, but may be conditioned upon the happening of some event, (e.g. "until the crops are ready for harvest", "until the war is over"). In either case, the lease expires automatically upon the running of the specified time, or the occurrence of the specified event. If the lease is more than a year, the agreement to create it must generally be executed in writing, to satisfy the Statute of Frauds. If a lease is purported to be a tenancy for years of more than one year, and it is not put in writing, then it automatically becomes a periodic tenancy, with a rental period equal to the period between lease payments, but of no more than a year.

Fixed-term tenancy or tenancy for years
The landlord and tenant can agree to terminate the lease at any time, which is called a surrender of the lease. Like the lease itself, if the term remaining on the lease at the time of the surrender exceeds one year, then the surrender must be executed in writing. A tenancy for years can also be terminated by the tenant's breach of any leasehold covenants, including the failure to pay promised rent, or allowing the land to waste.

Termination of a fixed-term tenancy
A periodic tenancy, also known as a tenancy from year to year, month to month, or week to week, is an estate that exists for some period of time determined by the term of the payment of rent. An oral lease for a tenancy of years that violates the Statute of Frauds (by committing to a lease of more than a year without a writing) actually creates a periodic tenancy, the term being the term paid for in the first payment from tenant to landlord.

Periodic tenancy
The landlord may terminate the lease at any time by giving the tenant notice as required by statute. Typically, the landlord must give six months' notice to terminate a tenancy from year to year. Tenants of lesser durations must typically receive notice equal to the period of the tenancy - for example, the landlord must give a months' notice to terminate a tenancy from month to month. However, many jurisdictions have varied these required notice periods, and some have reduced them drastically.
The notice must also state the effective date of termination, which must be on the last day of the payment period. In other words, if a month-to-month tenancy began on the 15th of the month, the termination can not be on the 20th of the following month, even though this would give the tenant more than the required one month's notice.

Termination of a periodic tenancy
A tenancy at will is a leasehold such that either the landlord or the tenant may terminate the tenancy at any time by giving reasonable notice. It usually occurs in the absence of a lease, or where the tenancy is not for consideration. Under the modern common law, tenancy at will is very rare, partly because it can only come about if the parties expressly agree that the tenancy is at will and not for rent. However, tenancy at will is common where a family member is allowed to live in the home (a nominal consideration may be required) without any formal arrangements. In most residential tenancies for consideration, the tenant may not be removed except for cause, even if there is no written lease.
If a lease exists at the sole discretion of the landlord, it grants the tenant by operation of law a reciprocal right to terminate the lease at will. However, a lease that explicitly exists at the will of the tenant (e.g. "for as long as the tenant desires to live on this land") does not imply that the landlord may terminate the lease, even for cause; rather, such language may be interpreted as granting the tenant a life estate or even a fee simple.
A tenancy at will is broken, again by operation of law, if the:

Tenant commits waste against the property;
Tenant attempts to assign his tenancy;
Landlord transfers his interest in the property;
Landlord leases the property to another person;
Tenant or landlord dies. Tenancy at will
A tenancy at sufferance (sometimes called a holdover tenancy) exists when a tenant remains in possession of property after the expiration of his lease, and until the landlord acts to eject the tenant from the property. Although the tenant is technically a trespasser at this point, and possession of this type is not a true estate in land, authorities recognize the condition in order to hold the tenant liable for rent. The landlord may evict such a tenant at any time, and without notice.
The landlord may also impose a new lease on the holdover tenant. For a residential tenancy, this new tenancy is month to month. For a commercial tenancy of more than a year, the new tenancy is year to year; otherwise it is the same period as the period before the original lease expired. In either case, the landlord can raise the rent, so long as the landlord has told the tenant of the higher rent before the expiration of the original lease.

Tenancy at sufferance
A type of protected tenancy that was created before 6 July 1957. From November 28, 1980 all controlled tenancies were changed to regulated tenancies

Controlled Tenancy UK

Duties of the landlord and the tenant
The landlord has two common-law duties. The first is to put the tenant in possession of the land at the outset of the lease (the 'English' rule); the second is to provide the premises in a habitable condition — there is an implied warranty of habitability. If landlord violates either, the tenant can terminate the lease and move out, or stay on the premises, while continuing to pay rent, and sue the landlord for damages (or withhold rent and use breach of implied warranty of habitability as a defense when the landlord attempts to collect rent).
The lease also includes an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment — landlord will not interfere with tenant's quiet enjoyment. This can be breached in three ways.

Total eviction of the tenant through direct physical invasion by landlord.
Partial eviction — when the landlord keeps the tenant off part of the leased property (even locking a single room). Tenant can stay on the remaining property without paying any rent.
Partial eviction by someone other than landlord — where this occurs, rent is apportioned. If landlord claims to lease tenant an area of 1000 square metres but 400 square metres of the area belongs to another person, tenant only has to pay 60% of the rent. Landlord's tort liability
Under the common law, the tenant has two duties to the landlord. These are to pay rent when it is due, and to avoid waste of the property.
A tenant is liable to third party invitees for negligent failure to correct a dangerous condition on the premise — even if the landlord was contractually liable.

Duties of the tenant
If land under lease to a tenant is condemned under the government's power of eminent domain, the tenant may be able to earn either a reduction in rent or a portion of the condemnation award (the price paid by the government) to the owner, depending on the amount of land taken, and the value of the leasehold property.
A partial taking of the land by the government does not release the tenant from paying full rent, but the tenant may collect a portion of condemnation award equal to the apportioned rent for property taken. For example, suppose a tenant leases land for 6 months for $1,000 per month, and that two months into the lease, and the government condemns 25% of the land. The tenant will then be entitled to take a portion of the condemnation award equal to 25% of the rent due for the remaining four months of the lease — $1,000, derived from $250 per month for four months.
A full taking, however, extinguishes the lease, and excuses all rent from that point. However, the tenant will not be entitled to any portion of the condemnation award, unless the value of the lease was greater than the rent paid, in which case the tenant can recover the difference. Suppose in the above example that the market value of the land being leased was actually $1,200 a month, but the $1,000 per month rate represented a break given to the tenant by the landlord. Because the tenant is losing the ability to continue renting the land at this bargain rate (and probably must move to more expensive land), the tenant will be entitled to the difference between the lease rate and the market value — $200 per month for a total of $800.

Effects of tenancy
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Tenant farmer.

2008-04-16T02:13:00.000+09:00

This article concerns the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram. See the Muslim sultanate, see Sultanate of Mataram.
Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by a raja of the same name. Although initially eclipsed in power by the rival Sailendra Dynasty, by 850 it had become the dominant power in Java and was a serious rival to the hegemonic Srivijaya Empire.
From the time of its founding until 928, the kingdom was ruled by the Sanjaya Dynasty, at which point the centre of the kingdom was moved from Central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isyana Dynasty. The move may have been caused by an eruption of the volcano Gunung Merapi or a power struggle.
The first king of Mataram was Sanjaya, who left inscriptions in stone, although little is known about the kingdom at this time due to the dominance of the Sailendra. The monumental Hindu temple of Prambanan in the vicinity of Yogyakarta was built by Daksa, and Dharmawangsa ordered the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese in 996.
The kingdom collapsed at the end of Dharmawangsa's reign under military pressure from Srivijaya. Airlangga, a son of Udayana of Bali and a relative of Dharmawangsa re-established the kingdom (including Bali) under the name of Kahuripan. In 1045 Airlangga abdicated his throne to resume the life of an ascetic, and divided the kingdom between his two sons, Jangala and Kediri and from this point on the kingdom is known as Kediri.

List of Rulers

Sanjaya (835-838)
Pikatan (838-850)
Kayuwani (850-898)
Balitung (898-910)
Daksa (910-919)
Tulodong (919-924)
Wawa (924-929)
Mpu Sindok (929-947)
Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya (947-985)
Dharmawangsa (985-1006)

2008-04-15T02:07:00.001+09:00

Natalie Anne O'Shea Merchant (born October 26, 1963 in Jamestown, New York, USA) is a professional musician. She joined the alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs in 1981 and began her solo career in 1993.

Family
Merchant was the lead singer of the band 10,000 Maniacs, joining in its infancy in 1981 while she was a student at Jamestown Community College.
She left the band in 1993 to pursue a successful solo career. Her debut solo album Tigerlily (1995) had three Top 40 singles in the U.S.: "Carnival", "Jealousy", and "Wonder". In 1997, she first performed "Planctus", a song for voice and piano written for her by Philip Glass. In 1998, Merchant released Ophelia, supported by co-headlining the concert tour Lilith Fair. The following year she released Live in Concert, containing covers and solo songs as well as a few songs from the 10,000 Maniacs-era.
In 2001, Merchant released her album Motherland and went on an extensive tour of North America and Europe. She parted ways with Elektra Records in 2003 and released a folk album of traditional songs called The House Carpenter's Daughter in September of that year on Myth America Records, her own label.
In 2005 Elektra Records released Retrospective: 1995-2005, a collection of her singles. It was also released as a limited edition two-CD package featuring rare and previously unreleased songs.
Merchant plays the piano, and has written and produced almost all of her songs. She has sung alongside Michael Stipe, Susan McKeown, David Byrne, Tracy Chapman, Peter Gabriel, amongst many other artists. She has also collaborated with Billy Bragg (and Wilco) a number of times, including the 1998 album Mermaid Avenue. Like Bragg, her work touches on social and political themes; and has been active in raising a number of campaigning issues in both her songs and through the causes to which she lends her name, such as Amnesty International and the American Indian Movement.

Career

Discography

Human Conflict Number Five (1982)
Secrets of the I Ching (1983)
The Wishing Chair (1985)
In My Tribe (1987)
Blind Man's Zoo (1989)
Hope Chest: The Fredonia Recordings 1982-1983 (1990)
Our Time in Eden (1992)
MTV Unplugged (1993)
Campfire Songs: The Popular, Obscure and Unknown Recordings (2004) Solo albums

"Carnival" was the debut single from the former 10,000 Maniacs lead vocalist. The single was released to U.S. airwaves in the summer of 1995 and went straight to the number ten spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The single received a radio edit cutting the song down from the six-minute LP version.
"Wonder" was the second single from the album Tigerlily. The single was released in the autumn of 1995, peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Singles Chart and number 7 on the Top 40 Mainstream Charts. "Wonder" received a slight radio remix for its commercial release. The released commercial single contains the radio version of the song (credited as 'remix') and the bonus track "Baby I Love You". The U.S. single even saw new interactive elements on the single containing the music video for "Wonder". This was one of the very first singles ever released to contain the music video of the song (since this was a new technology).
"Jealousy" was the third single (and probably the most famous) by Natalie Merchant. In a magazine interview, it was revealed that the song is about Merchant's broken engagement to record company executive David Bither. "Jealousy" was released in the spring of 1996. The single reached number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and climbed to the number 8 spot on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Singles Charts. Natalie Merchant decided to re-record the song for its final release. Introducing new instruments, speeding up the track and creating a more upbeat tempo. The final commercial release of the single was released in the U.S. on May 28, 1996. The CD single contained the live bonus track taken from Merchant's current U.S. tour, "Sympathy For The Devil", a cover of The Rolling Stones hit. The CD single also contained the brand new version of "Jealousy", also credited as the 'remix' or 'radio remix'.
"San Andreas Fault" was the fourth single taken from Tigerlily. However, the single was never officially released commercially, but only in support of Natalie's current tour. The single received a decent radio edit with new vocals and a slight alteration of the song from the original. A music video was never created and a commercial single was never released for purchase. Promotional singles were sent out in late summer of 1996.
"Kind & Generous" April 1998 saw the release of the first single from her second solo album Ophelia. A soft uptempo ballad became one of Merchant's most catchy singles to date. Managers felt sales of a single might lower the sales of the album, therefore without a commercial release the single did not make the Billboard Hot 100, although it was a hit on the radio, peaking at number 12 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart.
"Break Your Heart" was Merchant's second single taken from the second album Ophelia. The song was released in February 1999. The delay in the release of the follow up single to "Kind & Generous" was due to the fact that Merchant had gone on tour with the Lilith Fair. The single peaked again at the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Singles Chart (peaking at 38). The final commercial release received two versions of the song, the 'pop radio edit' running at a total of three minutes and twenty seconds while the standard radio edit ran a total of four minutes and twenty five seconds. A commercial single was never released for purchase.
"Life Is Sweet" was the third and final single released from Ophelia. "Life Is Sweet" also hit the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, peaking at number 38 just as her previous single "Break Your Heart". The song was released to radios in June 1999. Several versions of this single were released for radio airplay. The main version release was the VH1 Storytellers Radio Edit, the second version was the standard radio edit. A commercial single saw no release in the US or internationally.
"Space Oddity" is the first and last single taken from Merchant's Live album. The song is a cover of David Bowie's hit single. The single was never really released for airplay but for promotion for the album. The promo single contained a radio edit of the live version and the LP live version.
"Just Can't Last" was the first single to be lifted from Merchant's fourth album. The single was released in November 2001. It also hit number 1 on the Triple A charts. The single peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Charts. The single released to the radio was a huge difference from the version released on the album. The single is credited as the radio edit, and received different vocals and a different sound (a more pop sound). A commercial single was not released domestically but internationally.
"Build a Levee" was the second, and so far last single released by Merchant. However this single received no music video. The final version released was a shortened version from the album (aka the radio edit) and there was also a radio remix with new vocals and instruments. The single never charted and was never released commercially, except as a promo given to local radio stations in the U.S. Compilation Album

Download sample of "San Andreas Fault" from Tigerlily

2008-04-14T01:09:00.001+09:00

The Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra is an amateur symphonic orchestra based in Sheffield, England. Formed in 1945, it performs a programme of music from the classical, romantic and modern periods. The musical director is John Pearson.

2008-04-13T01:05:00.001+09:00

NHS Western Isles, also known as Bòrd SSN nan Eilean Siar in Gaelic, is the health board serving the Western Isles of Scotland. It is one of the regions of NHS Scotland. NHS Western Isles is responsible for providing primary and secondary healthcare to the 26 000 people in the Outer Hebrides.
The board runs three hospitals, with the main general hospital being the Western Isles Hospital or Ospadal nan Eilean Siar in the burgh of Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis. There is also the Uist and Barra Hospital, Ospadal Uibhist agus Bharraigh, on Benbecula and the general practitioner led St Brendan's Hospital on Barra.

2008-04-12T01:06:00.000+09:00

Ernst Hinterberger (b. October 17, 1931 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer.
Hinterberger was a skilled electrician. From 1950 to 1952, he visited police school, due to a weak sight he worked however as a librarian during the Viennese national education. After closing of these libraries he worked up to his retirement in 1991 as a forwarding clerk in a factory.
His "Mundl" Edmund Sackbauer, (anti-)Held the TV serial Ein echter Wiener geht nicht unter, became in the entire German linguistic area the epitome of the inhabitants of Viennese social housing projects.

Works

Books (selection)

1965 Beweisaufnahme = Hearing of Evidence, novel
1966 Salz der Erde = The Salt of the Earth, novel
1975 Wer fragt nach uns: Geschichten von kleinen Leuten, armen Hunden und Aussenseitern = Who asks for us, historical novel
1977 Das Abbruchhaus, novel
1984 Jogging, detective story
1988 Superzwölfer, detective story
1989 Kleine Leute = Small People, novel
1991 Das fehlende W = The missing W, detective story
1992 Und über uns die Heldenahnen ... = And Over for us the Heroic Ancestors..., detective story
1993 Alleingang, detective story
1993 Kleine Blumen = Small Flowers, detective story
1997 Zahltag = Pay Day, detective story
1998 Die dunkle Seite, detective story
2002 Ein Abschied. Lebenserinnerungen
? Von furzenden Pferden, Ausland und Inländern
Plays
- Im Käfig = In The Cage
  Immer ist ja nicht Sonntag = Is Always Not Sunday
  Die Puppe = The Doll
  Offene Gesellschaft = Open Society
  Swimmingpool
  Media
  - Ein echter Wiener geht nicht unter = A Genuine Viennese Does Not Drown, TV-series (small sitcom, 24 episodes)
    Kaisermühlen-Blues (Austrian TV-series), TV-series (famous sitcom in Austria 64 episodes, from 1992 to 1999) - resulted in the spin-off of:
    Trautmann (Austrian TV-series, Trautman is a detective figure of Kaisermühlen-Blues), TV-series (from 2000 until now (2005))

2008-04-11T01:41:00.001+09:00

Sabinus (d. 304) was a bishop in the Christian church who resisted the persecutions of Diocletian and was martyred and later made a saint. Venustian, governor of Etruria and Umbria had Sabinus and his deacons arrested in Assisi.
Diocletian's order required all Christians to sacrifice to the gods or be put to death, with their estates seized for the state. Venustian mocked Sabinus's faith, accusing him of leading the people to the worship of a dead man. When Sabinus said that Christ rose on the third day, Venustian invited him to do the same thing. He had Sabinus's hands cut off. The deacons were in great fear, but Sabinus encouraged them to hold to their faith, and they died after being torn apart by iron hooks. In prison after the martyrdom of his deacons, he was tended by a woman named Serena. He healed a man born blind in prison.
Venustian heard of the cure and sought a cure for his own eyes from Sabinus. Sabinus healed the governor and converted him to Christianity. Venustian then sheltered Sabinus. Maximianus Herculius, hearing of this, ordered the tribune Lucius to address the matter. Lucius had Venustian, his wife, and his two sons beheaded at Assisi, and he had Sabinus beaten to death at Spoleto.
Sabinus's feast day in the west is December 30.

2008-04-10T01:17:00.001+09:00

Bandwagon may refer to:
Bandwagon effect, "copycat" behaviour
argumentum ad numerum, or the bandwagon fallacy: "If many believe so, it is so"
bandwagon fan, supporter of a sports team only during a period of success
A wagon which carries the band in a parade
The Band Wagon, a 1953 MGM movie musical starring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse
The Bandwagon, a jazz trio
the band Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon, from the late 1960s and early 1970s
bandwagoning, a term in international relations
Bandwagon (film), a 1996 independent film written and directed by John Schultz
Bandwagon (TV series), local music series on KEYC-TV in Mankato, Minnesota

2008-04-09T01:41:00.001+09:00

Early life
After Medved adapted Class of '65 for television, he continued his screenwriting work, writing for feature film projects and TV miniseries, and he joined the Writers Guild of America. He also collaborated with his brother, Harry Medved, on four satirical books about movies: The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (1979), The Golden Turkey Awards (1980) and The Hollywood Hall of Shame (1984) and "Son of Golden Turkey Awards" (1986).
Medved continued to review movies, through a weekly review on CNN (1980-1983) and a show he hosted on British network Channel 4 called The Worst of Hollywood. His commentary centered on what he considered to be bad movies, particularly in "The Golden Turkey Awards". The film selected by the Medved Brothers as The Worst Film of All Time, Plan 9 from Outer Space, has since become a cult classic.
In 1984, Medved joined Sneak Previews, the weekly movie review show originated by Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert, co-hosting the program for twelve years with Jeffrey Lyons.
In 1993, Medved became chief film critic for the New York Post, a position he held for five years, during which he reviewed more than 700 movies for the newspaper.
More recently, Medved has played a prominent role in some movie-related controversies. Medved became an outspoken defender of Mel Gibson's movie, The Passion of the Christ (2004) which was criticized as anti-Semitic by many prominent Jewish groups. After Mel Gibson's DUI arrest in July 2006, Medved wrote that he felt "betrayed" by Gibson's anti-Semitic outburst and urged Gibson to seek "reconciliation" with the Jewish community.

Movie reviews
While focusing on the theme of Hollywood vs. America, radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh interviewed Medved and then asked Medved to guest-host his talk show. Medved went on to serve as a regular guest-host for Limbaugh on close to thirty occasions. In 1996, Medved was offered his own local show on a major Seattle station. In his 2005 autobiographical book Right Turns: From Liberal Activist to Conservative Champion in 35 Unconventional Lessons, Medved says he welcomed the chance to escape "the movie ghetto" and to speak to a wider audience about politics and morality, which were a focus of his written commentary and books. Medved's show was aired in Seattle and syndicated through Salem Radio Network.
His three hour daily show is now broadcast on 200 stations coast to coast and reaches more than 2.5 million listeners
Medved describes the show as "Your Daily Dose of Debate" often focused on listeners who call in to debate issues with the host. Guests have included those who describe themselves as politically liberal, including Noam Chomsky, Michael Moore, John Shelby Spong, Oliver Stone, Warren Beatty, Ralph Nader, Senator Barbara Boxer, Al Gore, Madeleine Albright, Ben Cohen, George Galloway, and Al Franken. Guests who describe themselves as politically conservative include Robert Spencer and Condoleezza Rice.
Medved describes himself as "your cultural crusader on politics and pop culture" and common themes on his show include current events, politics, American history and the entertainment industry. He reviews four or more new movies or DVD releases per week. The program also includes a monthly "Conspiracy Day" where callers from across the country expose what they consider the "hidden forces" behind "perplexing and painful present events."
Medved writes a regular column for USA Today and is a member of that newspaper's Board of Contributors. He also writes occasional op-ed pieces for The Wall Street Journal and blogs daily at conservative website Townhall.com.

Talk radio and political commentary
Medved has been married for 22 years to clinical psychologist Dr. Diane Medved, bestselling author of The Case Against Divorce and four other books, and they have three children.
Medved co-founded Pacific Jewish Center, a synagogue in Venice, California, with his friend and teacher, Rabbi Daniel Lapin. For fifteen years, Medved served as president of PJC, which states that its mission is outreach to unaffiliated and disconnected Jews. In his book Right Turns: Unconventional Lessons from a Controversial Life, he states that his commitment to religion led to his conservative political outlook.

Books

A caller to Medved's show once noted the uncanny similarities between the host and the character Ned Flanders from the television show The Simpsons—similarities such as their glasses, moustaches, sweaters, voices, and family-oriented religious lifestyles (except that Flanders is a born again Christian, while Medved is an observant Jew). Since then, Medved has sometimes jokingly claimed to be the inspiration for the character.
Medved is a Slavic word for 'bear'. It has the same meaning in Czech, Russian, Slovak, and Serbian. It means, literally, "honey-eater".

2008-04-08T02:29:00.001+09:00

The Musée du Montparnasse is a museum at 21 Avenue du Maine in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris, France.
The museum opened its doors on May 28, 1998. Located at the former site of the early-1900s atelier of the Russian painter, Marie Vassilieff, the museum was founded by Roger Pic and Jean-Marie Drot as a nonprofit operation.
The museum provides visitors with a history of the multitude of artists who came from around the world to live and work in Montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century plus, the museum puts on temporary exhibitions of works by Montparnasse artists, both past and present.
For years, both before and during World War I, Marie Vassilieff also operated what was registered as a private club that acted as a canteen for artists where food and drink were provided as cheaply as possible to struggling painters such as, Amedeo Modigliani, Chaim Soutine, Pablo Picasso, and others.
Before long it became the gathering place for many others in the area and, by 1913, Vassilieff's canteen was so widely-known that painter, sculptor, and filmmaker, Fernand Leger, gave two lectures there on the topic of Modern art.
Today, as part of a membership program, the Musée du Montparnasse offers a once-a-month evening meeting where members gather to enjoy a variety of cultural events.

2008-04-07T00:45:00.001+09:00

Percy "Dwight" Wilson (February 26, 1901 – May 9, 2007) was the second-to-last surviving Canadian veteran of the First World War and the last one still living in Canada.
Born in Vienna, Elgin County, Ontario, he signed up as a 15-year old boy in 1916. When asked about his actual age he told the recruiting officer 16, but faced with soaring casualty rates for each meager yard of territory won and lost, that was good enough for the Canadian Army. On the two week voyage crossing the North Atlantic to England, he entertained the other troops on the R.M.S. Grampian liner with his wonderful singing voice. On arrival, Wilson's youth was quickly discovered, and he never went near the battlefield, before being returned to Canada in 1917. Still determined he enlisted again, winding up once more at Camp Petawawa for military training. The war ended before he got another chance overseas.
He and Eleanor were married in 1927 and stayed together until she died at the age of 94. They had two sons, Dean and Paul.
Wilson's spirit of patriotism never left him though. Shortly after the Second World War began, he enlisted for a third time. Instead of being too young, he was now too old, and he spent the war as a captain in the Perth County Reserves.
Wilson lived at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in the Veterans Residence in Toronto for the last 11 months of his life. He died at the age of 106 from complications of a broken hip that occurred two weeks earlier. His death leaves John Babcock, who lives in Spokane, Washington, as the only surviving Canadian First World War veteran. [1]

Reference

Hear him talk about his WW1 experiences, but mostly hear what he loved to do the best: sing

2008-04-06T01:26:00.001+09:00

Karl Kobelt (August 1, 1891 - January 6, 1968) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council.
He was elected to the Federal Council on December 10, 1940 and handed over office on December 31, 1954. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party.
During his time in office he held the Military Department and was President of the Confederation twice in 1946 and 1952.

2008-04-05T02:21:00.001+09:00

This is a list of Scottish football stadia, ranked in descending order of capacity.
'*' Not a League club

2008-04-04T01:43:00.001+09:00

Fayard Nicholas (b. October 20, 1914, Mobile, Alabama - d. January 24, 2006, Los Angeles, California) was a tap dancer, one-half of the famous Nicholas Brothers, along with his brother, Harold. With his brother, both starred in several MGM musicals such as An All-Colored Vaudeville Show (1935), The Pirate (1948) and The Five Heartbeats (1991).

2008-04-03T01:20:00.001+09:00

Economists distinguish between five major kinds of unemployment, i.e., cyclical, frictional, structural, classical, and Marxian. (Another distinction, not discussed here, is between voluntary and involuntary unemployment.) Real-world unemployment may combine different types, while all five might exist at one time. The magnitude of each of these is difficult to measure, partly because they overlap and are thus hard to separate from each other. All but cyclical unemployment can be seen as existing at full employment, the level of employment and unemployment that represents the inflation barrier to demand-side growth.

Cyclical unemployment
This unemployment involves people being temporarily between jobs, searching for new ones; it is compatible with full employment. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment.
Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogenous, and a mismatch can result between the characterictics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, worktime, location, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. Workers as well as employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away; they will invest some time and effort to find a better match. This is in fact beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers, since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment.
Policies to reduce frictional unemployment include:
Frictional unemployment coincides with an equal number of vacancies. Numerically, it is therefore maximal when the labour market is in equilibrium. When for instance demand far exceeds supply, the frictionally unemployed will be few as they will get many job offers.
The imperfection of the labour market is sometimes graphically presented with a UV-curve, a hyperbolic or similarly shaped curve that shows a fixed relationship between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. If the economy changes, the labour market will move along this curve. Factors that affect friction will shift the curve inwards or outwards. It is possible to derive this curve mathematically by aggregating (infinitely small) submarkets of the labour market, if it is assumed that these submarkets follow a probability distribution. Formulae have been derived for the Normal distribution; the latter has the hyperbolic UV-curve (U x V = c) as a special case.

educational advice;
schooling and training facilities;
information on available jobs and workers;
combatting prejudice (against certain workers, jobs or locations);
incentives and regulations (e.g. when the frictionally unemployed receive benefits);
relocation of industries and services;
facilities to increase availability and flexibility (e.g. daycare centers);
aid or grants to overcome a specific obstacle (e.g. if a handicapped worker is employed);
reduction of the gap between gross and net wages (e.g. by taxing consumption instead). Frictional unemployment
One kind of frictional unemployment is called wait unemployment: it refers to the effects of the existence of some sectors where employed workers are paid more than the market-clearing equilibrium wage. Not only does this restrict the amount of employment in the high-wage sector, but it attracts workers from other sectors who wait to try to get jobs there. The main problem with this theory is that such workers will likely "wait" while having jobs, so that they are not counted as unemployed. In Hollywood, for example, those who are waiting for acting jobs also wait on tables in restaurants for pay (while acting in "Equity Waiver" plays at night for no pay). However, these workers might be seen as underemployed (definition 1).
Another type of frictional unemployment is seasonal unemployment, where specific industries or occupations are characterized by seasonal work which may lead to unemployment. Examples include workers employed during farm harvest times or those working Winter jobs on the ski slopes or Summer jobs such as life-guarding at pools and agricultural labor.

Examples

Main article: Structural unemployment Hidden unemployment
In this case, like that of cyclical unemployment, the number of job-seekers exceeds the number of vacancies. However, the problem here is not aggregate demand failure. In this situation, real wages are higher than the market-equilibrium wage. In simple terms, institutions such as "the minimum wage" deter employers from hiring all of the available workers, because the cost would exceed the technologically-determined benefit of hiring them (the marginal product of labor). Some economists theorize that this type of unemployment can be reduced by increasing the flexibility of wages (e.g., abolishing minimum wages or employee protection), to make the labor market more like a financial market.

Marxian unemployment
In theory, it is possible to abolish cyclical unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand for products and workers. However, eventually the economy hits an "inflation barrier" imposed by the four other (supply-side) kinds of unemployment to the extent that they exist.
Some economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the natural rate of unemployment. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates [2]. More scientifically, this rate is sometimes referred to as the NAIRU or the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment
No matter what its name, this means that if the unemployment rate gets "too low," inflation will get worse and worse (accelerate) in the absence of wage and price controls (incomes policies). Others simply see the possibility of inflation rising as the unemployment rate falls. This is the famous Phillips curve.
One of the major problems with the NAIRU theory is that no-one knows exactly what the NAIRU is (while it clearly changes over time). The margin of error can be quite high relative to the actual unemployment rate, making it hard to use the NAIRU in policy-making.
Another, normative, definition of full employment might be called the ideal unemployment rate. It would exclude all types of unemployment that represent forms of inefficiency. This type of "full employment" unemployment would correspond to only frictional unemployment (excluding that part encouraging the McJobs management strategy) and would thus be very low. However, it would be impossible to attain this full-employment target using only demand-side Keynesian stimulus without getting below the NAIRU and suffering from accelerating inflation (absent incomes policies). Training programs aimed at fighting structural unemployment would help here.
To the extent that hidden unemployment exists, it implies that official unemployment statistics provide a poor guide to what unemployment rate coincides with "full employment".
Even if everything was taken into account in a normal business environment in terms of public/private management of the economy; trace unemployement would occur due to human frailties of judgement towards others which occurs even today.

2008-04-02T02:07:00.001+09:00

History
The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from all around the world. American cemeteries are organized by state and county; and, many cemetery records contain Google Maps (with GPS coordinates supplied by contributors and the U.S. Geological Survey) and photographs of the cemeteries. Individual grave records contain some or all of the following data fields: dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs (grave marker, the individual, etc.), and contributor information. The vast majority of records have been contributed by field volunteers.
Membership at Find A Grave gives people the opportunity to place on-line memorials for relatives and friends. There is no cost for this service and users receive editing privileges over the memorials. Members may also request photos of graves which volunteers fulfill.

Find A Grave community

Wikipedia:Find-A-Grave famous people
Poets' Graves

2008-03-30T01:20:00.000+09:00

Frankie Laine, born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio (March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007), was one of the most successful American singers of the twentieth century. Often billed as America's Number One Song Stylist, his other nicknames include Mr. Rhythm, Old Leather Lungs, and Old Man Jazz. His hits included "That's My Desire", "That Lucky Old Sun," "Mule Train", "Cry of the Wild Goose", "Jezebel," "High Noon", "I Believe", "Hey Joe!", "The Kid's Last Fight", "Cool Water", "Moonlight Gambler", "Love is a Golden Ring", "Rawhide", and "Lord, You Gave Me a Mountain". His career as an entertainer spanned approximately 75 years, from 1930 (when he sang in between sets with a marathon dance company) to 2005 (when he sang That's My Desire in a PBS special).

Style

Biography
Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913 to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (nee Salerno). His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily to Chicago's "Little Italy", where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. His family appears to have had several Mafia connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was hit by some members of a rival faction.
The eldest of eight children, he got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school. He next attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he cut school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, "The Singing Fool." Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and around this same time Jolson remarked that the talented Laine was going to put them all (all the other singers) out of business.
Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were remarkable enough to get him noticed by a slightly older "in crowd" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17 he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such enthusiastic applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. But success as a singer was another 17 years away.
Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and, especially, Bessie Smith -- a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection:
I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them! -- Frankie Laine
He changed his professional name to "Frankie Laine" in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that "LoVecchio" was "too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers," so he Americanized it to "Lane." Frankie added the "i" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of "Frances Lane." It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (non-sponsored) radio show at NBC. Just as he was about to start, Germany attacked England and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.
Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at what was then a whopping salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long (albeit unsuccessful) career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.
In 1943 he moved out to California where he sang in the background of several Hollywood films including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid From Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl Fischer who was to be his songwriting partner, musical director and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included "I'd Give My Life," "Baby, Just For Me," "What Could Be Sweeter?," "Forever More," and the jazz standard "We'll Be Together Again."
Unfortunately, the engagement fell through, with the songstess breaking up with the loyal singer-manager when success for her seemed just around the corner. When Al Jarvis later found out how the girl group had mistreated his friend, he pulled their records from his show, effectively breaking their career.
When the war ended, Laine soon found himself "scuffling" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis, who allowed the singer the use of his apartment. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. It wasn't until the end of 1946 when Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles that success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard "Rockin' Chair" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, "Put Yourself in My Place, Baby".

Early years
Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called "Beltone Records." The sides were "In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning," (an uptempo number that's not to be confused with the moody Frank Sinatra of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled "Brother, That's Liberty." The records failed to make much of an impression, although "Wee Small Hours" is brilliantly executed and shows that the classic Laine style was already fairly mature at this time. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a "race label" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat "King" Cole. Cole would occasionally "moonlight" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to "Capitol," and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they figure that fans would assume that "Frankie Laine" was yet another pseudonym for "Cole."
Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by r&b artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from "The King Cole Trio"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the "race" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style. These included standards like "Roses in Picardy" and "Moonlight in Vermont."
It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: "Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top" and "I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful)." He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic sing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., "Mr. Kitzel" who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like "It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done in the singer's early, signature style (i.e., as a rhythm number). It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.

At Beltone and Atlas
Even after Carmichael's discovering him, Laine still was considered to be only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year old song that few people remembered in 1946: "That's My Desire." Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced "Desire" as a "new" song -- meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's -- but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Frankie Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and the record company executives took note.
Laine soon had patrons lining up around the block to hear him sing Desire. Among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She went to listen to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a big-hit on the "harlem" charts. "I liked the way he did it" Brooks recalls, "he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels." His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one -- fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including "Black and Blue," "Mam'selle," "Two Loves Have I," "Shine," "On the Sunny Side of the Street," "Monday Again," and many others.

"That's My Desire"
Frankie Laine's name was synonymous with jazz in the late 40s

At Mercury
Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single "Jezebel"/"Rose, Rose, I Love You," confirming his reputation as the premiere hitmaker of the early 50s. Other Laine hits from this period include "High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)," "Jealousy (Jalousie)," "The Girl in the Woods," "When You're in Love," "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans" (with Jo Stafford), "Your Cheatin' Heart," "Granada," "Hey Joe!," "The Kid's Last Fight," "Cool Water," "Some Day," "A Woman in Love," "Love is a Golden Ring" (with The Easy Riders), and "Moonlight Gambler."
One of the signature songs of the early 50s, "Jezebel" takes the "loreli" motif to its ultimate end, with Laine shouting "Jezebel!" (read "Whore!") at the woman has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses "flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong."
"I Believe" marked yet another direction for Laine's music: that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song "Rain, Rain, Rain," included classic renditions of such soul-stirring songs as "Remember Me," "Didn't He Moan," "I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long," and "I Hear the Angels Singing." Other Laine spirituals would include "My Friend," "In the Beginning," "Make Me a Child Again," "My God and I," and "Hey! Hey! Jesus."

At Columbia
1953 was also the year that Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled "Mr. Rhythm," as Laine was often referred to at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to the work he'd been doing at Mercury. The album's songlist was made up of "Great American Songbook" standards, each of which could lay a strong claim for being the "definitive" version. The tracks were "Some Day, Sweetheart," "A Hundred Years from Today," "Laughing at Life," "Lullaby in Rhythm," "Willow, Weep for Me," "My Ohio Home," "Judy" and "After You've Gone." The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.

Mr. Rhythm
Released as a 10" in 1953, and a 12" in 1954, this album features the talents of both Mr. Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who lead one of the top bands of the 1950s -- and just happened to be married to Jo Stafford. An album of New Orleans styled tunes was probably Weston's idea, as he was heavily into the New Orleans sound at the time. The album was a mix of both solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material including Stafford's hits single, "Make Love to Me," "Shrimp Boats," and "Jambalaya." Laine and Stafford duetted on "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans," "Floatin' Down to Cotton Town," and "Basin Street Blues"; and Laine soloed on "New Orleans" (not to be confused with "New Orleans" a.k.a. "The House of the Rising Sun" which Laine later recorded), "Do You Know What it Means to Miss New Orleans," and "When It's Sleepy Time Down South," along with a pair of cuts taken from his "Mr. Rhythm" album.

Portrait of New Orleans
No album was ever more appropriately named. This one featured not only exhilarating jazz vocals by Laine, who seems to be thoroughly enjoying himself, but classic jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Wilbur "Buck" Clayton, and trombonists J.J. Johnson and Kai Windling, and piano by Andre Previn. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: "Sposin'," "Baby, Baby, All the Time," and "Roses of Picardy" along with great jazz standards like "Stars Fell on Alabama," "That Old Feeling," and "Taking a Chance on Love." The album proved to be popular with both jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite as well. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.

Jazz Spectacular
The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had started out as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-bussters ("Cry," "The Little White Cloud that Cried," but had since begun to garther a following on their own with songs like "The Mocking Bird," and "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)." Several of their collaborations with Laine out-rock even their famed Johnnie Ray numbers. The album produced one big hit, "Rain! Rain! Rain1," but tracks like "Remember Me,", "I Feel That My Time Ain't Long," and "Didn't He Moan." These are soul-stirring gospel-revivalist songs of faith, and clearly illustrate the complicated interrelationships between pop, country & western and blues/rhythm and blues which would eventually morph into rock 'n' roll. The last four tracks were recorded at a slightly later session (after rock 'n' roll had just begun to make its presence felt), and could easily be looked at as rock 'n' roll songs with religious themes.

Frankie Laine and the Four Lads
One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra, calculated to serve as a classic pop variant of/forerunner to rock 'n' roll. A couple of the remakes ("That Lucky Old Sun," and "We'll Be Together Again,") have since gone on to become the best known (and consequently best remembered) versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: "Rockin' Chair," "By the River Sainte Marie," "Black and Blue," "Blue Turning Grey Over You," "Shine," and "West End Blues." The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll (although Columbia executives surely did nothing to discourage it), as a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as "rock 'n' roll," and was anxious to try his hand at it. And, although they were never hits, due more to his age than to the quality of the recordings themselves, they remain some of the most fascinating rock performances of the decade.

Rockin'
French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first album, "Foreign Affair," was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. Unfortunately the international air of the albums didn't carry over to the fans who, regardless of country, only wanted records in their own language. Legrand's arrangements were well-suited to Laine's stylings, and the songs still come across regardless of any language barriers. The album did produce a pair of international hits: "La Paloma" in Argentina, and "Nao tem solucao" in Brazil. Other tracks included "Mona Lisa," "Mam'selle," "Torna a Sorriento," "Besame Mucho," and "Autumn Leaves."
Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, appropriately titled "Reunion in Rhythm," with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). The resulting album proved to be much more popular with fans. Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as "Blue Moon," "Lover, Come Back to Me," "Marie," "September in the Rain," "Dream a Little Dream of Me" "I Would Do Most Anything for You," "Too Marvelous for Words," and "I Forget the Time." Legrand's arrangements are ear-catching and original, and perfectly complement Laine's equally inventive, high-octane vocals.

With Michel Legrand
Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, "Torchin'," which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: "A Cottage for Sale," "I Cover the Waterfront," "You've Changed," "These Foolish Things," "I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good," "It's the Talk of the Town," and "Body and Soul." As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song, and delivers them with just the perfect mix of impassioned torch singing (a form of belting) and delicate emotion. It is rewarding to compare Laine's style on these numbers to that of Frank Sinatra, whose suicidal-torch albums from this period are slow, and almost dirge-like by comparison.
A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, left off the torchin' and focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), "You Are My Love" is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having "the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal," and both of these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, "Because," exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are heartfelt versions of: "I Married an Angel," "To My Wife," "Try a Little Tenderness," "Side by Side," and a stirringly beautiful version of "The Touch of Your Lips," which elevates sensual love to the realm of the Divine.

With Frank Comstock
Recorded in 1959, "Balladeer," is a folk-blues album that was (and still remains) years ahead of its time. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson and others, and it was only fitting that he release a hard folk album now that the movement was becoming more popular. Orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who'd brought Laine the innovative "Satan Wears a Satin Gown"), this album has a truly timeless feel to it. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the "Lucy D" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists like Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, "And Doesn't She Roll" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's celebrated "Graceland" album two decades later.
Included are powerful renditions of "Rocks and Gravel," "Careless Love," "Sixteen Tons," "The Jelly Coal Man," "On a Monday," "Lucy D" (a chilling, original melody that sounds like the later Simon and Garfunkel hit, "Scarborough Fair," but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), "Carry Me Back To Old Virginney," "Stack of Blues," "Old Blue," "Cherry Red," and "New Orleans" (better known as "The House of the Rising Sun," which would become a hit for the British rock group, "The Animals," a few years later.

Balladeer
He billed as "Johnny Williams," then. Just starting out, he would serve as Laine's arranger-conductor on his last four albums at Columbia: "Hell Bent for Leather," "Deuces Wild," "Call of the Wild," and "Wanderlust." As John Williams, he would later go on to be one of the most influential motion picture composers of the late 20th century, providing the scores for such blockbusters as Jaws, Star Wars,, Superman, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and Schindler's List. He recently said the following words about Laine:
Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald -- Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time. ... And his style ... he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp -- nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. -- John Williams. "De Glory Road," from his "Wanderlust" album of 1963 was one of Laine's personal favorites.

With John Towner Williams
This classic album of western classics by Laine established him as "a cowboy singer" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular t.v. theme song Laine recorded for the popular Clint Eastwood western, "Rawhide," which, naturally appears on the album. The track include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: "The Cry of the Wild Goose," "Mule Train," "Gunfight at O.K. Corral," and "3:10 to Yuma," as well as new material, including the classic western rocker, "Wanted Man," and one of his most rousing musical narratives, "Bowie Knife." The remakes aren't quite as good as the originals, but they're close enough -- and the new material is simply phenomenal.

Hell Bent For Leather
Laine's next album continued both the westren theme (at least on several of the numbers), while following up (somewhat belatedly) on his last big hit single, "Moonlight Gambler" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the songs have a gambling theme, although the opening track hasn't got so much as a deck of cards in it. Instead, "The Hard Way" is a rip-roaring story about a hard-luck case who gets blown to bits by a cannon ball while fight in the Civil War (for the Confederacy, of course), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track, Stephen Foster's "Camptown Races," is far and away the definitive version of this song (beating out even the version by the great Al Jolson). Under Laine's sure hand, the song sounds neither like a museum piece nor an antiquated novelty tune. It's brimming with a timeless energy that fully captures the excitement that the original song must have had. When Laine blasts out lines like "Runnin' a race with a shootin' star," you believe it! Other songs on this album include: "Luck Be a Lady" (from the hit musical "Guys and Dolls"), which Laine performed in an off-Broadway, touring company version of; "Get Rich Quick;" the wonderfully politically incorrect "Horses and Women" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); "Deuces Wild," which Laine did provide the lyrics to; and "Dead Man's Hand."

Deuces Wild
This album continued to play up Chicago-born Frankie Laine's western image with songs like "On the Trail," and what has got to be the definitive version of "Tumbling Tumbleweeds," written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers," Bob Nolan. But the majority of its tracks focus more on "the great outdoors," with titles like: "The Song of the Open Road," "North to Alaska" (which probably had John Wayne kicking himself in the head for having Johnny Horton sing this title song over the credits of his film); "Beyond the Blue Horizon, "Rolling Stone" (not to be confused with the Bob Dylan song of the same title); and "The New Frontier," which appears to show Laine's support of President, John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of Johnny Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.

Call Of The Wild
"Wanderlust" was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. It featured a collection of songs only arguably, at best, in keeping with its title theme; but many rank among the singer's richest tracks. "De Glory Road" is one of both Laine's and his fans personal favorites. His vocal gymnastics on this one are certainly of a gold medal calibre. Other great songs on this album are what for many is the definitive version of "Riders in the Sky" and one of his all-time greatest cuts, a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, "The Student Prince"; although Laine's joyously finger snapping version has nothing of the operetta in it. Also included on this album is a version of "I Let Her Go" which is even better than the singer's original hit version of it from 1953; an infectious (and uncensored) version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, "On the Road to Mandalay," based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of "Wagon Wheels" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.
Laine's albums from this period represented some of the best recordings of his long and illustrious career, but they were not competing well on the teen-oriented market of the early rock 'n' roll generation. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.

Wanderlust
In 1963 Frankie Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.
After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, he found himself right back at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he'd recorded there, "I'll Take Care of Your Cares." Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, "Cares" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls but was virtually unknown outside of the strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and to number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including "Making Memories," "You Wanted Someone to Play With," "Laura, What's He Got that I Ain't Got," "To Each His Own" "Born to be with You," "I Found You," and "Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain" (which was written for him by country legend Marty Robbins. The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary charts (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (Peaking at #86 national) was the forceful reminder that "Dammit Isn't God's Last Name".
Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as "Your Cheatin' Heart," "That Lucky Old Sun," "I Believe," "Jezebel," "Shine," and "Moonlight Gambler." The new arrangements worked surprisingly well and many of the cuts can stand alongside of the originals. Unfortunately for Laine, Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, couldn't adequately promote them at the time. However they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.

At Capitol, ABC, and Beyond
Beginning in the late 1940s, Frankie Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: "Make Believe Ballroom" - Columbia, 1949; "When You're Smiling" - Columbia, 1950; "Sunny Side Of The Street" - Columbia, 1951; "Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder" - Columbia, 1952; "Bring Your Smile Along" - Columbia, 1955; "He Laughed Last" - Columbia, 1956; and "Meet Me In Las Vegas" - MGM, 1956. The last, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse features Laine performing "Hell Hath No Fury" and provides us with a glimpse of what his 1950s Las Vegas nightclub act must have been like.
His films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. State side, Laine gained more popularity in the new medium of television.
On television he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show"(with Connie Haines) 1954-5, and "Frankie Laine Time" in 1955-6. The Last was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show and featured such high-powered guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.
He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all ... but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. -- Connie Haines
He was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Toast of the Town, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Gary Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.
In the 1960s, he continued appearing on variety shows like Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, Burke's Law, and Perry Mason. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped to make the show, starring a young, unknown actor named Clint Eastwood a hit. Other TV series' for which Laine sang the theme song included "Gunslinger," and "Rango." In 1976, Frankie recorded the Beatles song, "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" for the ill advised documentary All This and World War II.
Frankie Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 ("Mule Train"), 1960 ("The Hanging Tree"), and 1975 ("Blazing Saddles"). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981 he performed a medley of his hits on "American Bandstand's 30th Anniversary Special," where he received a standing ovation from the many celebrities present. Later appearances include "Nashville Now," 1989 and "My Music," 2006.

Film and Television
Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and '60s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (foregoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still couldn't get enough sponsors to continue.
In the following decade, Frankie Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King's supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches on Washington DC.
Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African-American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, "Shine" and Fats Waller's "Black and Blue". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.
Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide "Shoes for the Homeless." He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.

Social Activism
His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypasses, but he nevertheless continued cutting albums including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).
In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Eric Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused, Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to Laine's birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave a helping hand in him blowing out the candles.

Later years
After a brief marriage in the 1940s, Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 - July 1993) and adopted her daughters from a previous marriage, Pam and Jan. Their forty-three year union lasted until her death. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, which also ended in his partner's death, the 86-year old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This last pairing would last for the remainder of his life.

Marriages
In 2005 he appeared in the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke. He performed the song that started it all for him, That's My Desire, and received a standing ovation from the warmly appreciative audience. It proved to be his swansong to the world of popular music.
Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego, California, at 93. In a prepared statement Laine's family said, "He will be forever remembered for the beautiful music he brought into this world, his wit and sense of humor, along with the love he shared with so many." A memorial mass for the late singer, who was a Roman Catholic, was held on Monday, February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his former wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.

Final appearance
While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of "race music," helped pave the way for other white artist who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley; but helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.

Legacy

of "Basin Street Blues" by Laine and Jo Stafford Hit singles

Discography

Albums
(Complete, with recording dates)

Singles
(1944) That's Liberty, In The Wee Small Hours
(1945) Baby Baby All The Time, Heartaches, I'm Confessin', Coquette, Melancholy Madeline (with Johnny Moore's Three Blazers), Maureen (with Johnny Moore's Three Blazers, Someday Sweetheart
(1946) Ain't That Just Like A Woman, Black And Blue, Blue Turning Grey Over You, By The River Sainte Marie, I Can't Believe That You're In Love With Me, I May Be Wrong, It Ain't Gonne Be Like That, Moonlight In Vermont, Oh! Lady Be Good, On The Sunny Side Of The Street, Pickle In The Middle (Artie Auerbach vocal, as "Mister Kitzel" -- Frankie can be heard in the background as a peanut vendor), Roses Of Picardy, September In The Rain, Sometimes I'm Happy, Sposin', Texas And Pacific, That's My Desire, West End Blues, Wrap Your Troubles In Dreams, You Can Depend On Me, You've Changed
(1947) Ah But It Happens, All Of Me, Baby Don't Be Mad At Me, But Beautiful, By The Light Of The Stars, Cherie I Love You, The Day Isn't Long Enough, Hold Me, I Haven't The Heart, Here Comes the Night (recording lost), Inspiration Point, It Only Happens Once, I've Only Myself To Blame, Kiss Me Again, Mam'selle, May I Never Love Again, Nevertheless, Old Fashioned Love, Our Dream, Put 'Em In A Box, Put Yourself In My Place Baby, Shine, Singing The Blues, Stay As Sweet As You Are, A Sunday Kind Of Love, Thanks For You, That Ain't Right, Till We Meet Again, Two Loves Have I, We'll Be Together Again, When You're Smiling, Who Cares What People Say, With All My Heart, Yes My Dear
(1948) Come Love With Me, Don't Have To Tell Nobody, I Wish You Were Jealous Of Me, I'm Looking Over A Four-Leaf Clover, Monday Again, Rosetta, Tara Talara Tala, What Could Be Sweeter?, You're All I Want For Christmas
(1949) At The End Of The Road, Baby I Need You, Baby Just For Me, Bebop Spoken Here, Carry Me Back To Old Virginney, Don't Cry Little Children, Don't Do Something to Someone Else, Exactly Like You, Georgia On My Mind, Give Me A Kiss For Tomorrow, God Bless The Child, I Get Sentimental Over Nothing, Mule Train, My One My Only My All, Now That I Need You, Rockin' Chair, Satan Wears A Satin Gown, Swamp Girl, Sweet Talk, That Lucky Old Sun, You're Just The Kind, You're Wonderful

1940s
(1950 Black Lace, The Cry Of The Wild Goose, The Day Isn't Long Enough, Dear Dear Dear, Dream a Little Dream of Me, I Love You For That (with Patti Page), I Was Dancing With Someone, If I Were A Bell, If I Were You Baby (with Patti Page), I'm Gonna Live Till I Die, I'm in the Mood for Love, The Jalopy Song, A Man Gets Awfully Lonesome, May The Good Lord Bless And Keep You, Merry Christmas Everywhere, Music Maestro Please, Sleepy Ol' River, Stars And Stripes Forever, Thanks For Your Kisses, What Am I Gonna Do This Christmas?
(1951) Ain't Misbehavin', Flamenco, Gambella (The Gamblin' Lady) (with Jo Stafford), The Gang That Sang Heart Of My Heart, Get Happy, The Girl In The Wood, Hey Good Lookin' (with Jo Stafford), I Would Do Most Anything For You, In The Cool Cool Cool Of The Evening, The Isle Of Capri, Jealousy (Jalousie), Jezebel, Love Is Such A Cheat, Metro Polka, Necessary Evil, One For My Baby, Pretty-Eyed Baby (with Jo Stafford), Rose, Rose, I Love You, She Reminds Me Of You, Song Of The Islands, South Of The Border, That's Good! That's Bad! (with Jo Stafford), That's How Rhythm Was Born, That's The One For Me (with Jo Stafford), To Be Worthty Of You, Tomorrow Mountain, What Could Be Sweeter?, When It's Sleepy Time Down South, Wonderful Wasn't It?, Yes My Dear, You Left Me Out In The Rain
(1952) Chow Willy (with Jo Stafford), Christmas Roses (with Jo Stafford), The Gandy Dancer's Ball, Hambone (with Jo Stafford), High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me), How Lovely Cooks The Meat (with Doris Day), I'd Give My Life, I'm Just A Poor Bachelor, Let's Have A Party (with Jo Stafford), The Mermaid, My Ohio Home, Piece A-Puddin' (with Jo Stafford), Ramblin' Man, The Rock Of Gibraltar, The Ruby And The Pearl, Settin' The Woods On Fire (with Jo Stafford), She's Funny That Way, Snow In Lovers Lane, Sugarbush (with Doris Day), Swan Song, Snow In Lovers Lane, That's How It Goes, There's A Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, Tonight You Belong To Me, When You're In Love
(1953) Ace In The Hole, After You've Gone (vocal duet with Carl Fischer), Answer Me My Love, Answer Me O' Lord, Basin Street Blues (with Jo Stafford), Blowing Wild (The Ballad Of Black Gold), A Bushel And A Peck (with Jo Stafford), Do You Know What It Means To Miss New Orleans, Drill Ye Tarriers, Floatin' Down To Cotton Town (with Jo Stafford), Goin' Like Wildfire (with Jo Stafford), Granada, Hey Joe!, A Hundred Years From Today, I Believe, I Let Her Go, Judy, The Kid's Last Fight, Laughing At Life, Let's Go Fishin' (with Jimmy Boyd), The Little Boy And The Old Man (with Jimmy Boyd), Long Distance Love, Lorelei, The Lord Don't Treat His Chillun That Way, Lullaby In Rhythm, New Orleans, Old Shoes, Poor Little Piggy Bank (with Jimmy Boyd), Rollin' Down The Line (with Jo Stafford), Sittin' In The Sun (Countin' My Money), Some Day, Some Day Sweetheart, Te Amo, Tell Me A Story (with Jimmy Boyd), There Must Be A Reason, Way Down Yonder In New Orleans (with Jo Stafford), Where The Winds Blow, Willow Weep For Me, Your Cheatin' Heart
(1954) Ain't It A Pity And A Shame (with The Four Lads), Back Where I Belong (with Jo Stafford), God's Gonna Take The Saints To Heaven (with The Four Lads), High Society (with Jo Stafford), I Can't Give You Anything But Love, I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long (with The Four Lads), I'd Give My Life, In The Beginning, Juba-Juba-Jubalee (with The Four Lads), Keepin' Out Of Mischief Now, Let Me Be Ready Lord (with The Four Lads), My Friend, Out Of Nowhere, Rain Rain Rain (with The Four Lads), Wa-Hoo! (with The Four Lads), What Would I Do? (with The Four Lads), You Are Too Beautiful, Your Heart - My Heart
(1955) Baby Baby All The Time (with Buck Clayton), Bring Your Smile Along, Bubbles, Champion The Wonder Horse, Cool Water, Didn't He Moan (with The Four Lads), Hawk-Eye, Hummingbird, I Heard The Angels Singing (with The Four Lads), If Spring Never Comes, If You Were Mine (with Buck Clayton), Make Me A Child Again, Mama Mia, Moby Dick, Mona Lisa, My Little One, Never Come Sunday, Remember Me (with The Four Lads), Robin Hood, Roses Of Picardy (with Buck Clayton), Sixteen Tons, Sposin' (with Buck Clayton), Stars Fell On Alabama (with Buck Clayton), Strange Lady In Town, Taking A Chance On Love (with Buck Clayton), The Tarrier Song, That Old Feeling (with Buck Clayton), The Thief, Tick Ticky Tick (I'M Gonna Tell On You), Until The Real Thing Comes Along (with Buck Clayton), Walking The Night Away, Where Can I Go (with The Four Lads), A Woman in Love, You Can Depend On Me (with Buck Clayton), Your Love
(1956) A Capital Ship, Don't Cry, Good Evening Friends (with Johnnie Ray), Hell Hath No Fury, Lonely Man, Lotus Land, Love Is A Golden Ring (with The Easy Riders), Make Me A Child Again, Moonlight Gambler, The Most Happy Fella, On The Road To Mandalay, Only If We Love, There's Not A Moment To Spare, Up Above My Head (I Hear Music In The Air) (with Johnnie Ray), Without Him
(1957) Addormentarmi Cosi (with Michel Legrand), All Of These And More, Annabel Lee, Autumn Leaves (with Michel Legrand), Besame Mucho (with Michel Legrand), (What Did I Do To Be So) Black And Blue, Blue Turning Grey Over You, By The River Sainte Marie, East Is East, Give Me A Kiss For Tomorrow, The Greater Sin, Gunfight At OK Corral, Jezebel, La Paloma (with Michel Legrand), Laura (with Michel Legrand), The Lonesome Road, Mam'selle (with Michel Legrand), My Gal And A Prayer, Nao Tem Solucao (with Michel Legrand), On The Sunny Side Of The Street, Quiereme Mucho (Yours) (with Michel Legrand), Rockin' Chair, Shine, Si Tu Partais (with Michel Legrand), That Ain't Right, That Lucky Old Sun, That's My Desire, The 3:10 to Yuma, Too Young (with Michel Legrand), Torna A Sorrento (with Michel Legrand), Uh-Huh Oh Yeah, We'll Be Together Again, West End Blues, You Know How It Is
(1958) Baby Just For Me (with Michel Legrand), Because, Blue Moon (with Michel Legrand), Body And Soul, Choombala Bey, A Cottage For Sale, Dream a Little Dream of Me (with Michel Legrand), El Diablo, Forever More, Here Lies Love, I Cover The Waterfront, I Forget The Time (with Michel Legrand), I Get Along Without You Very Well, I Got It Bad (And That Ain't Good), I Have To Cry, I Married An Angel, I Would Do Anything For You (with Michel Legrand), I'll Get By, I'm Confessin' (That I Love You) (with Michel Legrand), In My Wildest Dreams, It Only Happens Once, It's The Talk Of The Town, Journey's End, A Kiss Can Change The World, The Love Of Loves (with Michel Legrand), Lover Come Back To Me (with Michel Legrand), Lovin' Up A Storm, Magnificent Obsession, Marie (with Michel Legrand), Midnight On A Rainy Monday, Mona Lisa (with Michel Legrand), My Kind Of Woman, My Little Love, Rawhide, Second Honeymoon, September In The Rain (with Michel Legrand), Side By Side, That's My Desire, These Foolish Things (Remind Me Of You), To My Wife, Too Marvelous For Words (with Michel Legrand), Torchin', The Touch Of Your Lips, Try A Little Tenderness, The Valley Of A Hundred Hills, We Just Couldn't Say Goodbye, When I Speak Your Name, You Are My Love, You're Just The Kind (with Michel Legrand), You've Changed
(1959) And Doesn't She Roll, Careless Love, Cherry Red, Jelly Coal Man, Kisses That Shake The World, Lucy D, New Orleans, Old Blue, Old Virginny, On A Monday, Rockin' Mother, Rocks And Gravel, Sixteen Tons, Stack Of Blues

1950s
(1960) Along The Navajo Trail, Bowie Knife, City Boy, Cool Water, Cry Of The Wild Goose, Et Voila, God Bless This House, Gunfight At The O.K. Corral, The Hanging Tree, Here She Comes Now, High Noon, Mule Train, Rawhide, Sampson, Seven Women, St. James Infirmary, The 3:10 to Yuma, Wanted Man, You're All I Want For Christmas
(1961) Ace In The Hole, Camptown Races, Cow-Cow Boogie, Dead Man's Hand, Deuces Wild, Gamblin' Woman, Get Rich Quick, The Green Leaves Of Summer, Gunslinger, The Hard Way, Horses And Women, Luck Be A Lady, The Man Who Broke The Bank At Monte Carlo, Miss Satan, Moonlight Gambler, Ride Through The Night, The Roving Gambler, Wheel Of Fortune
(1962) Beyond The Blue Horizon, Call Of The Wild, If I Love Again, The Girl In The Wood, De Glory Road, The High Road, I Let Her Go, I'm Gonna Live 'Til I Die, Live Along With Me (Get With It), Love Is Where You Find It, Misirlou, The Moment Of Truth, The New Frontier, North To Alaska, On The Road To Mandalay, On The Trail, Riders In The Sky, Rolling Stone, Serenade, Song Of The Open Road, Swamp Girl, Tumbling Tumbleweeds, Wagon Wheels, The Wayfaring Stranger, A Wedded Man, We'll Be Together Again, What Kind Of Fool Am I?
(1963) Die Welt War Niemals So Schon, Don't Make Me Baby Blue, Hey There Mountain (unissued/lost), Ich Lass Dich Gehn, I'm Gonna Be Strong, No La Hagas Sufrir, No Sabras Mi Dolor, Non Farla Piangere, Prairie Belle, Saro Forte, Take Her, Up Among The Stars
(1964) Che Me Ne Importa...A Me, For Your Love I'd Wait A Lifetime, A Girl, Go On With Your Dancing, Halfway, House Of Laughter, Lonely Days Of Winter, Tangolita
(1965) Answer Me, Come Sunday, He, The Green Leaves Of Summer, Heartaches Can Be Fun, He'll Guide My Way, I Believe, May The Good Lord Bless And Keep You, My Friend, O Bless This House, Seven Days Of Love, The Sound Of Silence, Teach Me To Pray, Two Loves Have I
(1966) Johnny Willow, The Meaning Of It All, Pray And He Will Answer You, What Do You Know
(1967) Ev'ry Street's A Boulevard, Give Me Your Kisses I'll Give You My Heart, The Gypsy, Heartless One, I Heard You Cry Last Night, I Wish You Were Jealous Of Me, If I Didn't Care, I'll Take Care Of Your Cares, I'm Free, Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got), Making Memories, Maybe, The Moment Of Truth, The Real Meaning Of Love, Sometimes I Just Can't Stand You, Somewhere There's Someone, There's Not A Moment To Spare, What Do You Do With An Old Song, You - No One But You, You Taught Me How To Love You Now Teach Me To Forget, You Wanted Someone To Play With, You're Breaking My Heart
(1968) By the Time I Get to Phoenix, Cold Cold Heart, Forsaking All Others, Gentle On My Mind, The Green Green Grass Of Home, Halfway, Honey, I Don't Want To Set The World On Fire, I Found You, I Need You, I Wish I Had Someone Like You, I'm Happy To Hear You're Sorry, It Didn't Mean A Thing To Me, I've Got A Right To Cry, Laughing On The Outside Crying On The Inside, Little Green Apples, Please Forgive Me, Pretty Little Princess, Silver Kisses And Golden Love, Take Me Back, To Each His Own, The Wayward Wind, What A Wonderful World, Where Does Love Go, You Always Hurt The One You Love
(1969) Allegra, Born To Be With You, Dammit Isn't God's Last Name, Don't Make Promises, Fresh Out Of Tears, A Place In The Shade, The Secret Of Happiness, Sing An Italian Song, The Story Of My Life, Walk On Out Of My Life, You Gave Me A Mountain

1960s
(1970) Rockin' remakes of: Don't Make My Baby Blue, I Believe, Jealousy, Jezebel, Moonlight Gambler, On The Sunny Side Of The Street, Shine, That Lucky Old Sun, That's My Desire, Your Cheatin' Heart
(1971) A Brand New Day, Don't Blame The Child, California Bloodlines, Going To Newport, Mr. Bojangles, My God And I, Po' Folks, Proud Mary, Put Your Hand In The Hand, Talk About The Good Times
(1972) Can You Hear Me Lord, My Own True Love, Time To Ride
(1974) Blazing Saddles
(1976) Maxwell's Silver Hammer, Talk To Me About The Hard Times
(1977) Cool Water, The Cry Of The Wild Goose, Georgia On My Mind, High Noon, I Believe, Jealousy, Jezebel, The Kid's Last Fight, Memories In Gold, Moonlight Gambler, Mule Train, On The Sunny Side Of The Street, Rawhide, Shine, That Lucky Old Sun, That's My Desire, We'll Be Together Again, A Woman in Love, You Gave Me A Mountain, Your Cheatin' Heart
(1978) End Of Session Blues, Evergreen, Forgetting Someone, I Don't Feel Like Singing Anymore, If I Never Sing Another Song, It's Gonna Happen, Hey! Hey! Jesus, Life Is Beautiful, The Only Thing That Matters, Nan, Nobody But You, Send In The Clowns, Sunday Morning Coming Down

1970s
(1982) Answer Me, By The Time I Get To Pheonix, Cool Water, Cry Of The Wild Goose, Don't Blame The Child, Don't Fence Me In, Evergreen, Forgetting Someone, Gentle On My Mind, Going Up To Newport, Granada, High Noon, Honey, Hummingbird, I Believe, If I Never Sing Another Song, Jealousy, Jezebel, Little Green Apples, Lord You Gave Me A Mountain, Love Rustler, Moonlight Gambler, Mr. Bojangles, Mule Train, My Way, Nan, Nobody But You, The Only Thing That Matters, Rain Rain Rain, Rawhide, Rose Rose I Love You, Sixteen Tons, Strange Lady In Town, Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down, Texas, There Must Be A Reason, Wheel Of Fortune, A Woman in Love
(1984) Take Me Back To L.A., We'll Be Together Again
(1985) The Girl I Love, How Do You Keep The Music Playing?, Fever, The Lady Digs Jazz, Makin' Whoopee, San Diego Lovely Lady By The Sea, Solitude, Strike Up The Band For San Diego, This Can't Be Love/Them There Eyes, Time You Old Gypsy Man, What Am I Here For?
(1986) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song, The Green Green Grass Of Home, I Believe In You, Jambalaya, Let Me Learn To Dream Of You, Old Dogs Children And Watermelon Wine, One More Time, Over, She Never Could Dance, When Will I Be Loved
(1987) Gunfight At The O.K. Corral (with Erich Kunzel and The Cincinnati Pops Orchestra), High Noon (with Erich Kunzel and The Cincinnati Pops Orchestra), Old Boston, Old Chicago, Old St. Louis, Merry Christmas Without You, Rawhide (with Erich Kunzel and The Cincinnati Pops Orchestra)
(1988) Better To Have Loved, Butterfly, Fallen Angel, Fever, Fly Away, I'd Do It Over Again, Just A Dreamer, Rose Ellen, Still There's You

1980s
(1991) Don't Cry Cry Baby, Old Enough To Be Your Father
(1998) Back In The Game, The Best Of Each Other, Come Back To Me, A Day At A Time, The Good Old Days, Giving Back, How Sweet It Is, I Like To Travel, It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over, Moonglow, Nature Boy, Scarlet Ribbons, Song Of India, Soon I'll Be Following You, Taking Care Of My Soul, That's All, That's How I'd Like To Be Remembered, They Call The Wind Maria, This Time The Dream's On Me, How Do You Keep The Music Playing, Until Now, Wheels Of A Dream, You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine, Young At Heart

1990s
(2001) The Story of Taps, Taps/My Buddy
(2002) After Me, The Best Of Love, Dandelion Wine, From Time To Time, The Greatest Thing That Almost Happened, Heavy Breathing, Here's To The Losers, I Don't Remember, Keep Goin' Back To Joe's, More Love, Old Man Jazz, Too Late Smart, Too Soon Old Too Late Smart, When Joanna Loved Me, When Sunny Gets Blue
(2004) Contagious, Contagious (live version), Every Time She Cries, Father Time, A Heart Lies Still, I Go Flyin', If I Could See Into Your Heart, I'll Be Thinking Of You, Jake, Pity The One, She Never Could Dance, Shelter From The Storm, Stars In The Bars

2000s

It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé)
It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine)
Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael)
We'll Be Together Again (with Carl Fischer)
Our Dream (words and music)
I Haven't The Heart (with Matt Dennis)
I'd Give My Life (with Carl Fischer)
What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl Fischer)
Baby, Just For Me (with Carl Fischer)
Satan Wears A Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz)
Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace)
When You're In Love (with Carl Fischer)
Only If We Love (with Al Lerner)
Torchin (with Al Lerner)
The Love Of The Roses (with Carl Fischer)
Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger)
Forever More (with Carl Fischer)
You Are My Love (with Carl Fischer)
My Little Love (with Carl Eugster)
And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz)
God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz)
Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr)
Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter)
The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski)
The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz)
What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington)
Allegra (with Matt Dennis)
Forevermore
End Of Session Blues
Nan Lyrics by Laine

Filmography

Make Believe Ballroom - Columbia, 1949.
When You're Smiling - Columbia, 1950.
Sunny Side Of The Street - Columbia, 1951.
Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder - Columbia, 1952.
Bring Your Smile Along - Columbia, 1955.
He Laughed Last - Columbia, 1956.
Meet Me In Las Vegas - MGM, 1956. As Actor

Blowing Wild - Warner, 1953.
Man Without A Star - Universal, 1955.
Strange Lady In Town - Warner, 1955.
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral - Paramount, 1957.
3:10 to Yuma - Columbia, 1957.
Bullwhip - Republic, 1958.
Blazing Saddles - Warner/Crossbow, 1974. Sang the Title Song

The Last Picture Show - sang "Rose, Rose, I Love You," Columbia, 1971.
All This and World War II - sang "Maxwell's Silver Hammer," Deluxe, 1976.
House Calls - sang "On the Sunny Side of the Street," Universal, 1978.
Lemon Popsicle - sang "My Little One," 1978.
Going Steady - sang "My Little One," 1980.
Raging Bull - sang "That's My Desire," United Artists, 1980.
Whore - sang "The Love of Loves," 1991.
Chopper - sang "Don't Fence Me In," 2000. Included in the Soundtrack

The Frankie Laine Hour - 1950.
The Frankie Laine Show - 1954-5.
Frankie Laine Time - 1955-6.
Rawhide 1959-66 (sang the theme song)
Gunslinger 1961 (sang the theme song)
Rango 1967 (sang the theme song)
The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo 1979-81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Television

Perry Mason - CBS, 1959.
Rawhide - CBS, 1960.
Bachelor Father - ABC, 1961.
Burke's Law - ABC, 1963. Guest star appearances

"That Lucky Old Son," co-authored with Joseph F. Laredo, Pathfinder Publishing, 1993.
"The Best Damn Trumpet Player: Memories of the Big Band Era and Beyond" by Richard Grudens, Celebrity Profiles Publishing Co. (June 1, 1996). Includes a Foreword by Frankie Laine as well as a chapter (by Grudens) on his music.'
"A three volume set of table-sized Frankie Laine biographies, 'That Lucky Old Sun,' 'I Believe,' 'Rawhide'" by Todd Everett, accompany the Laine CD box-set collections put out by Bear Family Records.
"Reaching for a Star," by Craig Cronbaugh, AuthorHouse Publishing, 2005. Includes biographical information on Frankie Laine as well as detailing the author's meetings with him. Video documentary

List of best-selling music artists