The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 km². The area of the federal subject is 1439 km², which contains the Saint Petersburg proper, and suburban towns (
), all together over 20 municipalities and rural localities.
, and islands of the river delta. The largest are
. The latter together with
are covered mostly by parks.
, north of the city, is a popular resort area. In the south Saint Petersburg crosses the Baltic-Ladoga Klint and meets the Izhora Heights.
to its highest point of 175.9 m (577') at the Orekhovaya hill in the Duderhof Heights in the south. Part of the city's territory west of
, is no higher than 4 m above sea level, and has suffered from numerous floods.
are triggered by a long wave in the Baltic Sea, caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of the Neva Bay. The most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (421 cm above sea-level
Since the 18th century the terrain in the city has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m, making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city.
Besides Neva and its distributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are
. The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed by Lakhtinsky Razliv, Suzdal Lakes and other smaller lakes.
St. Petersburg's position on the
of ca. 60° N, causes variation in
across seasons, ranging from 5:53 to 18:50.
may last all night in early summer, from June to mid-July, the celebrated phenomenon known as the
.
cyclons. Summers are typically cool, humid and quite short, while winters are long, cold, but with frequent
. The average daily temperature in July is 22C (72 F), summer maximum is about 34C (94F), winter minimum is about -27 °C (-17 °F), the record low temperature is -35.9 °C (-33 °F), recorded in 1883. The average wholeyear temperature is +4 °C (39 °F). The River Neva within the city limits usually freezes up in November-December, break-up occurs in April. From December to March there are 123 days average with snow cover, which reaches the average of 24 cm (9.5") by February. The frost-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. The city has a climate slightly warmer than its suburbs. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round.
varies across the city, averaging 600 mm per year and reaching maximum in late summer. Soil moisture is almost always high because of lower
due to the cool climate.
is 165 days a year on average.
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia.
recorded population of the federal subject 4,661,219, or 3.21% of the total population of Russia. The 2002 census recorded twenty-two ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. The ethnic composition was:
0.10% and many other smaller ethnic groups. 7.89% of the inhabitants declined to state their ethnicity.
People in urban Saint Petersburg live mostly in apartments. Between 1918 and 1990s, the Soviets
). With 68% living in shared flats in the 1930s, Leningrad was the largest city in the USSR by the number of
. Resettling residents of
is now on the way, albeit shared apartments are still not uncommon. As new boroughs were built on the outskirts in the 1950s-1980s, over half a million low income families eventually received free apartments, and additional hundred thousand condos were purchased by the middle class. While economic and social activity is concentrated in the historic city centre, the richest part of Saint Petersburg, most people live in the
.
.
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, being two different federal subjects, share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police,
, postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services.
As in other large Russian cities, Saint Petersburg experiences fairly high levels of
. In addition, in recent years there has been a noticeable increase in racially motivated violence. On the other hand, unlike in Moscow, there have been no major terrorist attacks in St. Petersburg in recent years.
St. Petersburg is a major trade gateway, financial and industrial center of Russia specialising in oil and gas trade, shipbuilding yards,
industries, and many other businesses. It was also home to
, it survived until 1910.
The city is a major transport hub. In 1837 the first Russian railroad was built here. Today St. Petersburg is the final destination of
, and a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (
) and three smaller commercial and cargo airports in the suburbs. There is a regular 24/7 rapid bus transit connection between Pulkovo airport and the city center.
The city is also served by the passenger and cargo seaports in the Neva Bay of the
, the river port higher up Neva, and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of the
waterways. In 2004 the first high bridge that doesn't need to be drawn, a 2824 m long
, was opened. Meteor
from May through October.
.
used to be the main transportation; in the 1980s, Leningrad had the largest tramway network in the world, but many tramway rail tracks were dismantled in the 2000s. Buses carry up to 3 million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bas routes.
underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 4 lines with 60 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2,8 million passengers daily. Metro stations are decorated in marble and bronze. The 5th metro line is scheduled to open in 2008.
are common in the city, because of narrow streets, parking sites along their edges, high daily traffic volumes between the commuter boroughs and the city center, intercity traffic, and at times excessive snowing in winter. Five segments of the
were opened between 2002 and 2006, and full ring is planned to open in 2010.
. The city is a node of the
(south).
The majestic appearance of St. Petersburg is achieved through a variety of architectural details including long, straight boulevards, vast spaces, gardens and parks, decorative wrought-iron fences, monuments and decorative sculptures. The Neva River itself, together with its many canals and their granite
gives the city a unique and striking ambience. These bodies of water led to St. Petersburg being given the name of "
of the North".
St. Petersburg's position below the
), causes twilight to last all night in May, June and July. This celebrated phenomenon is known as the "
". The white nights are closely linked to another attraction — the eight
spanning the Neva. Tourists flock to see the bridges drawn and lowered again at night to allow shipping to pass up and down the river. Bridges open from May to late October according to a special schedule between approximately 2 a.m. and 4:30 a.m.
.
Main article: List of bridges in Saint Petersburg Canals and Bridges Saint Petersburg is known as the city of
palaces. One of the earliest of these is the
Summer Palace, a modest house built for
Peter I in the
Summer Garden (1710–1714). Much more imposing are the
baroque residences of his associates, such as the
Kikin Hall and the
Menshikov Palace on the Neva Embankment, constructed from designs by
Domenico Trezzini over the years 1710 to 1716. A residence adjacent to the Menshikov palace was redesigned for
Peter II and now houses the
State University.
Probably the most illustrious of imperial palaces is the baroque
Winter Palace (1754–1762), a vast stately building with over 600 rooms and dazzlingly luxurious interiors, now housing the
Hermitage Museum. Also designed in the Neoclassical style is the
Yusupov's
Moyka palace (built in the 1790s), where
Rasputin was killed by Prince Yusupov. Other treasured palaces are the
Razumovsky palace (1762–1766); the
Shuvalov palace (1830–1838); and the
Yelagin Palace (1818–1822), a sumptuous summer
dacha of the imperial family, situated on the
Yelagin Island. The last Royal residences were built for
Nicholas I's children: the
Mariinsky Palace (1839–1844), located just opposite St Isaac's Cathedral, is now housing the St. Petersburg City
Legislature and Offices of Representatives, the
Nicholas Palace (1853–61), and the
New Michael Palace (1857-1861). All major palaces are now housing numerous state and private museums and various branches of the government.
Palaces of the Tsars While many cathedrals and buildings formerly owned by churches and monasteries still belong to the Russian government, since their seizure in 1917, some were eventually returned to congregations. The largest
cathedral in the city is
St Isaac's Cathedral (1818–1858), it is the biggest gold-plated
dome in the world. It was constructed over 40 years under supervision of architects
Auguste de Montferrand and
Vasily Stasov. The
Kazan Cathedral on the Nevsky Prospekt is a national landmark in the
Empire style, modeled after
St Peter's, Vatican. The
Church of the Savior on Blood (1883–1907), is a monument in the
old Russian style which marks the spot of
Alexander II's assassination. The
Peter and Paul Cathedral (1712–1732), a long-time
symbol of the city, contains the
sepulchers of
Peter the Great and other
Russian emperors. The St. Nicholas Cathedral and the Great Choral Synagogue are near the Mariinsky Opera Theatre. Most cathedrals and temples operate today as places of worship as well as
museums, and there are numerous other places of worship in all major religions.
Of baroque structures, the grandest is the white-and-blue
Smolny Convent (1748–1764), later the
Smolny Institute, a striking design by
Bartolomeo Rastrelli, but never completed. It is followed by the
Naval Cathedral of St Nicholas (1753–1762), a lofty structure dedicated to the
Russian Navy, the outside being covered with
plaques to sailors lost at sea. The church of Sts. Simeon and Anna (1731–1734), St. Sampson Cathedral (1728–1740), St. Pantaleon church (1735–1739), and
St. Andrew's Cathedral (1764–1780) are all worth mentioning.
The Neoclassical churches are numerous. Many of them are intended to dominate vast
squares, like St. Vladimir's Cathedral (1769–1789), not to be confused with
the church of Our Lady of Vladimir (1761–1783). The
Transfiguration Cathedral (1827–29) and the
Trinity Cathedral (1828–1835, fire-damaged) were both designed by
Vasily Stasov. Smaller churches include the Konyushennaya (1816–1823), also by Stasov, the "Easter Cake" church (1785–1787), noted for its droll appearance, St Catherine church on the
Vasilievsky Island (1768–1771), and numerous non-Orthodox churches on the Nevsky Prospekt.
The
Alexander Nevsky Monastery, intended to house the relics of St.
Alexander Nevsky, is graced by two cathedrals and five smaller churches in various styles. The monastery is also one of three main centers of
Christian education in Russia, having the Russian Orthodox Academy and Seminary and the residence of the St. Petersburg Patriarch. It is also remarkable for the
Tikhvin Cemetery, with graves of such dignitaries as writers
Fyodor Dostoyevsky and
Ivan Krylov, composers
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaykovsky and
Modest Mussorgsky, pianist
Anton Rubinstein, director
Georgy Tovstonogov, actors
Fyodor Stravinsky,
Vera Komissarzhevskaya,
Nikolay Simonov, mayor
Anatoly Sobchak and many other notable Russians.
The
Grand Choral Synagogue of St. Petersburg is the second largest in Europe. It was opened in 1893, with the building permit obtained in 1869 from the Tsar
Alexander II. The Small Synagogue was opened in 1886. On 5 Tamuz 5761 (June 26, 2001), the greater hall ("Bolshoi Zal" in Russian) was reopened after reconstruction.
Two small churches in the early
Gothic Revival style, both designed by
Yuri Felten, are the St John the Baptist (1776–1781) and the
Chesmenskaya (1777–1780). The late 19th century and early 20th century temples are designed in the
Russian Revival or
Byzantine Revival styles.
Saint Petersburg Mosque (1909–1920), once the largest in Europe, is modeled after the
Gur-e Amir Mosque in
Samarkand.
St Petersburg Buddhist temple was the first in Europe. Construction was funded by subscriptions of the
Dalai Lama and Russian and Mongolian Buddhists; the structure was inaugurated in the presence of
Itigilov in 1914 and served as a valuable resource to transient
Buryats,
Kalmyks and other Buddists during World War I. It did not function from 1935 to 1991, when the lamas passed into gulags, and temple and its grounds were used for secular purposes. In 1991 the St. Petersburg
datsan was reopened for worship.
Cathedrals and temples The ensemble of
Peter and Paul Fortress with the
Peter and Paul Cathedral takes dominant position on the right bank of the Neva river, across the
Winter Palace in the center of the city. A
boardwalk was built along a portion of the fortress wall, giving visitors a clear view of the city across the river to the south. On the other bank of the Neva, the spit (Strelka) of the
Vasilievsky Island is graced by the
former Bourse building (1805–1810), an important lanmark in the style of the
Greek Revival, is now home of the Museum of Navy. The spit of the Vasilievsky Island is designed as a classic lawn-park on the waterfront, and is highlighted by two tall and colorful
Rostral Columns, decorated with statues and prows of battleships. This is a traditional place for music festivals and public events, such as the
White Nights festival.
The most famous of St. Petersburg's museums is the
Hermitage, one of the world's largest and richest collections of
Western European art. Its vast holdings were originally exhibited in the
Greek Revival building (1838–1852) by
Leo von Klenze, now called the
New Hermitage. But the first Russian museum was established by Peter the Great in the
Kunstkammer, erected in 1718–1734 on the opposite bank of the Neva River and formerly a home to the
Russian Academy of Sciences. Other popular tourist destinations include the
State Russian Museum and the
Summer Garden, the
Ethnography Museum (1900–1911), Stieglitz Museum of Applied Arts (1885–1895), the
Suvorov Museum of Military History (1901–1904), and the Political History Museum (1904–06).
The imperial government institutions were housed in stately buildings, such as the
General Staff building on the
Palace Square (1820–1827), with a huge triumphal arch in the centre, the
Senate and
Synod buildings on the
Senate Square (1827–1843), the Imperial Cabinet (1803–1805) and the
City Duma (1784-87) on the Nevsky Prospekt, the Assignation Bank (1783–1790), the Customs Office (1829–1832), and the masterpiece of Russian architecture: the
Admiralty (1806–1823), one of the city's most conspicuous landmarks. Most of Imperial palaces and state buildings were designed by reputable architects invited by the Russian Tsar's from European capitals, such as
Domenico Trezzini,
Giacomo Quarenghi,
Thomas de Thomon,
Bartholomeo Rastrelli,
Carlo Rossi and other foreign architects who settled in St. Petersburg and worked on numerous large-scale projects. Next came the generation of Russian-born architects and engineers, such as Zakharov, Stasov, Voronikhin, Starov, and other Russians who studied abroad and returned to work in St. Petersburg.
The former imperial capital is rich in science and educational institutions.
Saint Petersburg State University is based on Vasilievsky Island and in Peterhof. The university's spacious baroque edifice of Twelve Collegia (1722–1744) was designed by
Domenico Trezzini. The
Academy of Arts (1764–1788), an exceedingly handsome structure, overlooks a
quayside adorned with genuine
Egyptian griffins and
sphinxes. The
Smolny Institute (1806–1808), originally the first school for Russian women, was
Lenin's headquarters during the
Russian Revolution of 1917, is now the office of the Governor. The Catherine's Institute (1804–1807), also designed by Quarenghi, is now the
Russian National Library. Another Neoclassical building by Quarenghi, a roomy Horse Guards Riding School (1804–1807), is now the Central
Exhibition Hall.
Some historic shops and
storehouses are landmarks in their own right, such as the monumental
New Holland Arch (1779–1787) and adjacent walls of the
New Holland isle.
The Merchant Court on the
Nevsky Prospekt (1761–1785), also designed by
Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe, houses the largest extant 18th century shopping mall and supermarket in the world, now rebuilt and updated with several coffee bars and a
metro station. Nearby are the Circular Market, erected in 1785–1790, and
the Passage, one of the great covered
arcades of the mid-19th century.
Nevsky Prospekt is the main avenue of St. Petersburg connecting the
Winter Palace with the ancient monastery at
Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Nevsky is the busiest shopping destination and the prime center of entertainment and nighlife. Shopping malls,
department stores, business centers, built in a variety of styles, include the Eliseev emporium, the House of Books,
The Passage, and more.
St Petersburg is a home to more than 50
theatres. The oldest is the
Hermitage Theatre, a private palatial theatre of
Catherine the Great, still preserving the complex stage machinery of the 18th century. The Alexandrine Theatre, built in 1828–1832 by Carlo Rossi, was named after the wife of
Nicholas I. Most famous outside Russia is the
Mariinsky Theatre (former Kirov Theatre of Opera and Ballet), which has been styled the capital of the world
ballet. The
Ciniselli Circus is one of the oldest circus buildings in the world. The Opera House at
Saint Petersburg Conservatory, the first in Russia, was founded in 1861 by
Anton Rubinstein and bears the name of
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; its alumni include
Tchaikovsky,
Prokofiev, and
Shostakovich who also taught here.
Museums and popular sites Probably the most familiar symbol of St Petersburg is the
equestrian statue of
Peter the Great, known as the
Bronze Horseman and installed in 1782 on the
Senate Square. Considered the greatest masterpiece of the French-born
Etienne Maurice Falconet,
Aleksandr Pushkin's poem about the statue figures prominently in the Russian literature under the name of
The Bronze Horseman.
The
Palace Square is dominated by the unique
Alexander Column(1830–1834), the tallest of its kind in the world and so nicely set that no attachment to the base is needed. A striking monument to
Generalissimo Suvorov, represented as a youthful god of war, was erected in 1801 on the
Field of Mars, formerly used for military parades and popular festivities.
Saint Isaac's Square is graced by the
Monument to Nicholas I (1856–1859), which was spared by
Bolshevik authorities from destruction as the first
equestrian statue in the world with merely two support points (the rear feet of the horse).
The public
monuments of St Petersburg also include
Mikeshin's circular statue of
Catherine II on the
Nevsky Avenue, fine horse statues on the
Anichkov Bridge, a
Rodin-like equestrian statue of
Alexander III by
Paolo Troubetzkoy, and the Tercentenary monument presented by
France in 2003 and installed on the
Sennaya Square.
Some of the most important events in the city's history are represented by particular monuments. The
Russian victory over
Napoleon, for example, was commemorated by the
Narva Triumphal Gate (1827–1834), and the victory in the
Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 — by the
Moscow Triumphal Gates (1834–1838). Following this tradition, the
Piskarevskoye Cemetery was opened in 1960 as a monument to the victims of the
900-Day Siege.
Monuments and sculptures St. Petersburg is surrounded by imperial residences, some of which are inscribed in the
World Heritage list. These include:
Peterhof, with the Grand Peterhof Palace and glorious fountain cascades;
Tsarskoe Selo, with the baroque
Catherine Palace and the neoclassical
Alexander Palace; and
Pavlovsk, which contains a domed palace of
Emperor Paul (1782–1786) and one of the largest English-style parks in Europe.
Much of Peterhof and Tsarskoe Selo had to be restored after being dynamited by the retreating Germans in 1944. Other imperial residences have yet to be revived to their former glory.
Gatchina, lying 45 km southwest of St Petersburg, retains a royal
castle with 600 rooms surrounded by a park.
Oranienbaum, founded by
Prince Menshikov, features his spacious baroque residence and the sumptuously decorated Chinese palace.
Strelna has a hunting lodge of
Peter the Great and the reconstructed
Constantine Palace, used for official summits of the Russian president with foreign leaders.
Other notable suburbs are
Shlisselburg, with a
medieval fortress, and
Kronstadt, with its 19th century fortifications and naval monuments.
Catherinehof, originally intended as a garden suburb, was engulfed by the city in the 19th century.
Suburban parks and palaces Further information: Society and culture in Saint Petersburg Society and Culture St. Petersburg has always been known for its high-quality cultural life. Among the city's more than fifty theaters is the world-famous
Mariinsky Theater (also known as the
Kirov Theater in the USSR ), home to the
Mariinsky Ballet company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as
Vaslav Nijinsky,
Anna Pavlova,
Rudolph Nureyev,
Mikhail Baryshnikov,
Galina Ulanova and
Natalia Makarova, were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.
Dmitri Shostakovich was born and brought up in St. Petersburg, and dedicated his
Seventh Symphony to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony." He wrote the symphony while in Leningrad during the Nazi siege. The 7th symphony was premiered in 1942; its performance in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor
Karl Eliasberg was heard over the radio and lifted the spirits of the survivors
St. Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in popular music. The first
jazz band in the Soviet Union was founded here by
Leonid Utyosov in the 1920s, under the patronage of
Isaak Dunayevsky. The first jazz club in the Soviet Union was founded here in the 1950s, and later was named
jazz club Kvadrat. In 1956 the popular ensemble
Druzhba was founded by
Aleksandr Bronevitsky and
Edita Piekha, becoming the first popular band in the 1950s USSR. In the 1960s student rock-groups
Argonavty,
Kochevniki and others pioneered a series of unofficial and underground rock concerts and festivals. In 1972
Leningrad University student
Boris Grebenshchikov founded the band
Aquarium, that later grew to huge popularity. Since then the "Piter's rock" music style was formed.
In the 1970s many bands came out from "underground" and eventually founded the
Leningrad rock club which has been providing stage to such bands as Piknik,
DDT,
Kino, headed by the legendary
Viktor Tsoi,
Igry,
Mify,
Zemlyane,
Alisa and many other popular groups. The first Russian-style happening show
Pop mekhanika, mixing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talented
Sergey Kuryokhin in the 1980s.
Today's St. Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's
Sergei Shnurov and
Tequilajazzz, to rock veterans
Yuri Shevchuk,
Vyacheslav Butusov and
Mikhail Boyarsky. The
Palace Square was stage for
Paul McCartney,
Rolling Stones,
Scorpions and other stars.
The
White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and massive show celebrating the end of school year:
"Scarlet Sails" celebration in St. Petersburg Music in St. Petersburg Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in St. Peterburg.
St. Petersburg in the movies St. Petersburg has a longstanding and world famous tradition in literature.
Dostoyevsky called it "The most deliberate city in the world," emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It frequently appeared to
Russian writers as a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin's last poems, the Petersburg stories of
Gogol, the novels of
Dostoyevsky, the verse of
Alexander Blok and
Osip Mandelshtam, and in the symbolist novel Petersburg by
Andrey Bely. According to Lotman in his chapter, 'The Symbolism of St. Petersburg' in
Universe and the Mind, these writers were inspired from symbolism from within the city itself. The themes of water and the conflict between water and stone, interpreted as the conflict between nature and the artificial, and also the theme of theatricality, in which St. Petersburg's building facades and massive boulevards create a stage designed for spectators became important themes for these writers. The effect of life in St. Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important theme for authors such as
Pushkin,
Gogol, and
Dostoyevsky. Another important feature of early St. Petersburg literature is its mythical element, which incorporates urban legends and popular ghost stories, as the stories of
Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to St. Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other fantastical elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of St. Petersburg.
Twentieth century writers from St. Petersburg, such as
Vladimir Nabokov, Andrey Bely,
Yevgeny Zamyatin with his apprentices
Serapion Brothers created entire new styles in literature and contributed new insights in the understanding of society through their experience in this city.
Anna Akhmatova became important leader for Russian poetry. Her poem
Requiem, focuses on the tragedies of living during the time of the Stalinist terror. Another notable 20th century writer from St. Petersburg is
Joseph Brodsky, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in St. Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as "A Guide to a Renamed City" and the nostalgic, "In a Room and a Half" .
St. Petersburg in literature Further information: Sport in Saint Petersburg St. Petersburg hosted part of the
football (soccer) tournament during the 1980
Summer Olympics. The 1994
Goodwill Games were held here.
The first competition here was the 1703
rowing event initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over the Swedish fleet.
Yachting events were held by the Russian Navy since the foundation of the city.
Equestrianism has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of the military training. Several historic sports arenas were built for Equestrianism since the 18th century, to maintain training all year round, such as the
Zimny Stadion and
Konnogvardeisky Manezh among others.
Chess tradition was highlighted by the 1914 international tournament, in which the title "Grandmaster" was first formally conferred by
Russian Tsar Nicholas II to five players:
Lasker,
Capablanca,
Alekhine,
Tarrasch and
Marshall, and which the Tsar had partially funded.
Kirov Stadium (now demolished) was one of the largest stadiums anywhere in the world, and the home to
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg in 1950-1989 and 1992. In 1951 the attendance of 110,000 set the record for the
Soviet football. Zenit now plays their home games at
Petrovsky stadium Sport Main article: List of People in St. Petersburg Notable people Saint Petersburg has long been a leading center of
science and
education in Russia and houses the following institutions:
Russian Academy of Sciences (1724)
Saint Petersburg State University (founded 1724)
Saint Petersburg Naval Academy (founded 1700s)
Imperial Academy of Arts (founded 1757)
Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet Saint Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy (founded 1798)
Saint Petersburg Mining Institute (Горный институт) (founded 1773)
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (1828)
Pulkovo Observatory (1839)
Ivan Pavlov's Medical Academy and research center. (founded 1880s)
Saint Petersburg Conservatory (1862)
Alexander Military Law Academy (founded 1867)
Saint Petersburg Electrical Engineering University (1886)
Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University (1899)
State Marine Technical University (
Корабелка) (1899)
Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (1900)
Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics (1906)
St. Petersburg State Medical Academy (1907)
Saint Petersburg State Technical University of Telecommunications Saint Petersburg Pharmaceutical Academy Saint Petersburg Academy of Pediatrics and Maternity (founded 1900)
Saint Petersburg Theatre Academy (former Tenishev's College) (1899)
Saint Petersburg Academy of Film and Television Russian State University of Pedagogy (Herzen University) (1800s)
St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts (1918)
Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance (Финэк) (1930)
Baltic State Technical University (
"ВОЕНМЕХ") (1932)
St. Petersburg Aerospace University (Mozhaysky University)
Smolny College (1999)
Education and Science Further information: List of Sister Cities to Saint Petersburg Sister cities Treaty of Saint-Petersburg, a list of the treaties concluded in Saint-Petersburg.
City directory of
Ves Petersburg Sources Нежиховский Р. А.
Река Нева и Невская губа, Leningrad, Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.
Oleg Kobtzeff, "Espaces et cultures du Bassin de la Neva: représentations mythiques et réalités géopolitiques", in-
Saint-Petersbourg: 1703-2003, Actes du Colloque international, Université de Nantes, Mai 2003, ouvrage coordonné par Walter Zidaric, CRINI, Nantes, 2004.
ISBN 2-9521752-0-9 Dmitri Volkogonov Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 1996, ISBN-10: 0761507183
Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, 1997, ISBN-10: 0385479549
Stalin and the Betrayal of Leningrad by John Barber:
[18] Acton, Edward, Vladimir Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg, eds. A Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921 (Bloomington, 1997)
Edward Acton
Rethinking the Russian Revolution 1990 Oxford University Press
ISBN 0713165308 Voline The Unknown Revolution Black Rose Books
Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990)
Figes, Orlando.
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924, : ISBN 0-14-024364
Reed, John.
Ten Days that Shook the World. 1919, 1st Edition, published by BONI & Liveright, Inc. for International Publishers. Transcribed and marked by David Walters for
John Reed Internet Archive. Penguin Books; 1st edition. June 1, 1980.
ISBN 0-14-018293-4.
This article incorporates text from the
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the
public domain.
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