2007年9月5日水曜日


Pseudo-anglicisms are words in languages other than English which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. Pseudo-anglicisms often take the form of portmanteaux, combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word that appears to be English but is unrecognisable to a native speaker. It is also common for a genuine English word to be used to mean something completely different from its original meaning.
Pseudo-anglicisms are related to false friends or false cognates. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-anglicisms believe that the relevant words are genuine anglicisms and can be used in English.
When many English words are incorporated into many languages, language enthusiasts and purists often look down on this phenomenon, terming it (depending on the importing language) Denglisch, Franglais or similar neologisms.

Pseudo-anglicisms in various languages

In Italian, French and Spanish footing means "jogging", and sig is used in cartoons to denote a sigh.
A smoking in many European languages is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but means a "dinner-jacket" or "tuxedo".
The word string in many European languages (such as Dutch, German, French and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-string. General

BB call - pager
DM - flyer, brochure, junk mail (from "direct mail")
kou - to photocopy (from the first syllable in "copy")
morning call - wake-up call (in a hotel) Chinese

Babylift (IPA: [b̥eɪb̥ilifd̥]) — "carrycot".
A bøfsandwich (IPA: [b̥ø:fsɑnʋitɕ]) is not a beef sandwich, but a beef patty on a bun.
Drink (IPA: [d̥ʁeŋg̊]) only means an alcoholic drink containing spirits (it is mainly used in the sense of cocktails). Danish

Main article: Dunglish Dutch

Main article: FranglaisDutch pseudo-anglicisms French

Main article: Denglisch German

Farmer means "denim" as well as "(blue) jeans" made of denim. Hungarian

Main article: Wasei-eigo Japanese

Autostop (автостоп) — Hitchhiking
Biker (байкер) — a member of a Motorcycle club rather than merely a motorcyclist
Camping (кемпинг) (also Dutch French) — campsite
Clipmaker (клипмейкер) — music video director
Course (курс) — (among other meanings) year in the university
Face control (фейс-контроль) — checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs)
Killer (киллер) — "hitman" or "hired assassin"
Master (мастер) — 1) person who repairs something; 2) Wizard (software)
Parking (паркинг) — parking lot (car park)
Safing (сейфинг) — providing safe deposit boxes Russian

Trafficking refers primarily to trafficking in human beings or sex trafficking, and not to smuggling in general.
The word walkman is usually replaced with "freestyle" (despite the fact that the word does not fit particularly well with Swedish phonotactics; actually, freestyle was the name chosen for marketing purposes in Sweden) Words adapted from languages other than English
Examples of German words in English which have adapted:
Other German-sounding, or German-inspired words in English include hock for a German white wine, stein for a beer mug, and certain meats referred to as schnitzel. Hock derives from Hochheim in Germany, stein (literally just "stone") would have to be translated as Bierseidel, Maßkrug or Bierkrug, but ultimately goes back to Steinkrug, a drinking vessel made of "stoneware". And "schnitzel" is a word meaning a "cutlet," usually of pork or veal.
An example in Russian is "парикмахер" (parikmakher), a barber or hairdresser. This derives from the German Perück(en)macher (equivalent to (peri)wig maker or peruke maker in English), derived in turn from the Italian parrucca, via the French perruque. Thus a wig-maker of centuries ago has been changed to a hairdresser in a modern language.

Blitz — ("The Blitz") the sustained attack by the German Luftwaffe from 1940 to 1941 which began after the Battle of Britain. It was adapted from "Blitzkrieg" (literally "lightning war", meaning sudden, quick war), the sudden and overwhelming attack on many smaller European countries and their defeat by the Wehrmacht. "Blitz" (German for "bolt of lightning") has never been used in actual German in its aerial-war aspect and became an entirely new usage in English during World War II. The word has also been adopted by American football to describe a defensive play when linebackers and/or defensive backs move close to the line of scrimmage in an attempt to overwhelm the quarterback. Also Blitz chess is a game of chess where each side is given very little time to make all of their moves.
(to) strafe — in its sense of "to machine-gun troop assemblies and columns from the air", became a new adaptation during World War I, of the German word strafen — to punish. In recent years "strafe" has referred specifically to the horizontal yawing motion of an airplane raking an area with machine-gun fire, and is now also used to mean "to move sideways while looking forward", so that many first-person shooter computer games have "strafe" keys. Pseudo-Germanisms
Several such French expressions have found a home in English. The first continued in its adopted language in its original obsolete form centuries after it had changed its morpheme in national French:

double entendre — still used in English long after it had changed to "double entente" or "double sens" in France, and ironically has itself two meanings, one of which is of a sexually dubious nature. This might be classed a kind of "pseudo-Gallicism".
bon viveur — the second word is not used in French as such, while in English it often takes the place of a fashionable man, a sophisticate, a man used to elegant ways, a man-about-town, in fact a bon vivant. In French a viveur is a rake or debauchee; bon does not come into it.Dutch pseudo-anglicisms The French bon vivant is the usage for an epicure, a person who enjoys good food. Bonne vivante is not used.
Rendez-vous — merely means "meeting" or "appointment" in French, but in English has taken on other overtones. Connotations such as secretiveness have crept into the English version, which is sometimes used as a verb. It has also come to mean a particular place where people of a certain type, such as tourists or people who originate from a certain locality, may meet. In recent years, both the verb and the noun have taken on the additional meaning of a location where two spacecraft are brought together for a limited period, usually for docking or retrieval.
Portmanteau words are called mot-valises in French. Pseudo-Spanish
Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, by James Stanlaw, Hong Kong University Press, 2004.
"Wasei eigo: English 'loanwords' coined in Japan," by Laura Miller, in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139, 1997.

Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell (1992), 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.