A movie theater (North America), also known as a cinema (Australia, United Kingdom and Ireland, as well as North America), a movie house, or the pictures, is a venue, usually a building, for viewing motion pictures ("movies" or "films"). Most cinemas are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing a ticket. The film is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium. Some movie theaters are now equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create and transport a physical film print.
Spelling and alternative terms
History
Noting that the first public exhibition of projected motion pictures in the United States was at Koster & Bials Music Hall on 34th Street in New York City on April 23, 1896, the first theater in the US dedicated exclusively to showing motion pictures was Vitascope Hall, established on Canal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana June 26, 1896: it was converted from a vacant store. In the basement of the new Ellicott Square Building, Main Street, Buffalo, New York, Mitchell Mark added what they called Edison's Vitascope Theater, which they opened to the general public on Monday, 19 October 1896, in collaboration with Rudolph Wagner, who had moved to Buffalo after spending several years working at the Edison laboratories: this 72 seat, plush theater was designed from scratch solely to show motion pictures. Terry Ramsaye, in his book, A Million and One Nights [p. 276], notes that this "was one of the earliest permanently located and exclusively motion-picture exhibitions." According to the Buffalo News (Wednesday, 2 November 1932), "There were seats for about 90 persons and the admission was three cents. Feeble, flickering films of travel scenes were the usual fare."
This November 7, 1897 ad shows the actual programming of Vitascope Theater one of the first motion picture theaters specially built for that purpose. In its first year, 200,000 people attended. It was in Buffalo, New York.
Before 1900
The first permanent structure designed for screening of movies in the state of California was Tally's Electric Theater, completed in 1902 in Los Angeles, California. The 1913 opening of the Regent Theater in New York City signaled a new respectability for the medium, and the start of the two-decade heyday of American cinema design. The million dollar Mark Strand Theater at 47th Street and Broadway in New York City opened in 1914 by Mitchell Mark was the archetypical movie palace. The ornate Al Ringling Theater was the very first "Movie Palace" it was built in Baraboo, WI by Al Ringling, one of the founders of the Ringling Bros. Circus for the then incredible sum of $100,000.00. Later, Los Angeles promoter Sid Grauman continued the trend of theatre-as-destination with his ornate "Million Dollar Theatre", using the same design firm as Ringling (the MDT was the first to signify its primary use for motion pictures with the "theatre" spelling), and opened on Broadway in downtown Los Angeles in 1918.
1900-1919
In the next ten years, as movie revenues exploded, independent promoters and movie studios (who owned their own proprietary chains until an antitrust ruling in 1948) raced to build the most lavish, elaborate, attractive theatres. These forms morphed into a unique architectural genre—the movie palace—a unique and extreme architectural genre which came to an end with the deepening of the Great Depression. The movie chains were also among the first industries to install air conditioning systems which gave the theatres an additional lure of comfort in the summer period.
Several movie studios achieved vertical integration by acquiring and constructing theatre chains. The so-called "Big Five" theatre chains of the 1920s and 1930s were all owned by studios: Paramount, Warner, Loews (owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Fox, and RKO. All were broken up as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 1948 United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. anti-trust case.
In the 1970s, porn theatres started to have rampant ubiquity in some areas. However, the introduction of the low-cost VHS video system for home televisions has decommissioned many porno cinemas as well as many 'second-run' theatres.
1920 to 1980
People can pay to watch movies at home, through cable television or streamed from the internet: pay-per-view (PPV) and video on demand (VOD). This may have contributed to an industry wide slump in the late 1980s. The theater industry responded by building larger auditoriums, installing more screens (to allow for more variety and more show times), upgrading sound systems and installing more amenities and higher-quality concessions.
After 1980
Sometimes a 3-D film is shown. Visitors borrow or keep special glasses to watch it. Depending on the system used, these are e.g. polarized glasses.
3D
Traditionally a movie theater, like a stage theater, consists of a single auditorium with rows of comfortable seats, as well as a lobby area containing a box office for buying tickets, a counter and/or self-service facilities for buying snacks and drinks, and washrooms. Stage theaters are sometimes converted into movie theatres by placing a screen in front of the stage and adding a projector; this conversion may be permanent, or temporary for purposes such as showing arthouse fare to an audience accustomed to plays. The familiar characteristics of relatively low admission and open seating can be traced to Samuel Roxy Rothafel, an early movie theater impresario. Many of these early theatres contain a balcony, an elevated platform above the theater's rearmost seats. The rearward main floor "loge" seats were sometimes larger, softer, and more widely spaced and sold for a higher price.
In conventional low pitch viewing floors the preferred seating arrangement is to use staggered rows. While a less efficient use of floor space this allows a somewhat improved sight line between the patrons seated in the next row toward the screen, provided they do not lean toward one another.
"Stadium seating" is employed in many modern theaters, giving patrons a clear sight line over the heads of those seated in front of them. Originally employed for flat-screen IMAX viewing (which has a very tall screen) this feature has proven popular with theatre patrons.
Rows of seats are divided by one or more aisles so that there are seldom more than 20 seats in a row. This allows easier access to seating, as the space between rows is very narrow. Depending on the angle of rake of the seats, the aisles have steps. In older theaters, aisle lights were often built into the end seats of each row to help patrons find their way in the dark. Since the advent of stadium theaters with stepped aisles, each step in the aisles may be outlined with small lights to prevent patrons from tripping in the darkened theater.
Design
North America's first two-screen theatre, The Elgin Theatre was created in 1957 by Nat Taylor in Ottawa, Ontario, when he expanded the 20 year old facility. Taylor is credited as inventor of the multiplex or cineplex, and later founded the Cineplex Odeon Corporation, opening the 18-screen Toronto Eaton Centre Cineplex, the world's largest at the time.[1]
Stanley Durwood of American Multi-Cinema (now AMC Theatres) pioneered what would become the multiplex in 1963 after realizing that he could operate several attached auditoriums with the same staff needed for one through careful management of the start times for each movie.
Since that time multiple-screen theatres have become the norm, and many existing venues have been retrofitted so that they have multiple auditoriums. A single lobby is shared among them. In most markets, nearly all single-screen theatres have gone out of business. Because of the late development of multiplexes, the term "cinema" or "theater" may refer either the whole complex or a single auditorium, and sometimes "screen" is used to refer to an auditorium.
A popular movie may be shown on multiple screens at the same multiplex, which reduces the choice of movies but offers more choice of viewing times or a greater number of seats to accommodate patrons. Two or three screens may be created by dividing up an existing cinema (as Durwood did with his Roxy in 1964), but newly built multiplexes usually have at least six to eight screens, and often as many as twelve, fourteen or even sixteen. In these large modern theaters, an electronic display in the ticket hall often shows a list of movies with starting time, auditorium number, admission rating, and whether it is sold out. Sometimes the number of remaining available seats is shown as well. At the entrance of each auditorium there may be a one-line electronic display with the title of the movie. After the movie has started, it can display the title and time of the next scheduled showing.
Although definitions vary, a large multiplex with 20 or more screens is usually called a megaplex. The first megaplex is generally considered to be the Kinepolis in Brussels, Belgium, which opened in 1988 with 25 screens and a seating capacity of 7,500. The first megaplex in the United States was Studio 28 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which reopened in 1988 with 20 screens and a seating capacity of 6,000. [2]
Multiplexes and megaplexes
IMAX is a system using film with more than 10 times the frame size of a 35mm film to produce image quality far superior to conventional film. IMAX theaters use an oversized screen as well as special projectors. The first permanent IMAX theater was at Ontario Place in Toronto, Ontario.
IMAX
A drive-in movie theatre is basically an outdoor parking area with a screen at one end and a projection booth at the other. Moviegoers drive into the parking spaces which are sometimes sloped upwards at the front to give a more direct view of the movie screen. Movies are usually viewed through the car windscreen (windshield) although some people prefer to sit on the hood of the car. Sound is either provided through portable loudspeakers located by each parking space, or is broadcast on an FM radio frequency, to be played through the car's stereo system. Because of their outdoor nature, drive-ins usually only operate seasonally, and after sunset. Drive-in movie theatres are mainly found in the United States, where they were especially popular in the 1950s and 1960s. Once numbering in the thousands, about 400 remain in the U.S. today. In some cases, multiplex or megaplex theatres were built on the sites of former drive-in theatres.
Drive-in
Some outdoor movie theatres are just cleared areas where the audience sits upon chairs or blankets and watch the movie on a temporary screen, or even the wall of a convenient building. There is a nice outdoor cinema along the seafront in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
In the late 1990s, student organizations in universities and schools started to show movies in auditoriums equipped with multimedia projectors. Before the ubiquity of classic and modern films in DVD and VHS formats, student groups at large universities often sponsored screenings of films on 16 mm projectors in lecture halls as a way to raise money. Many small colleges also had student-run film groups that projected 16 mm films on a regular basis to students.
Some alternative methods of showing movies have been popular in the past. In the 1980s the introduction of VHS cassettes made possible video-salons, small rooms where visitors viewed the film on a large TV. These establishments were especially popular in the Soviet Union, where official distribution companies were slow to adapt to changing demand, and so movie theatres could not show popular Hollywood and Asian films.
Movies are also commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or smaller screens for each group of rows or each individual seat; the airline company sometimes charges a fee for the headphones needed to hear the movie's sound. Movies can also be shown on trains.
The smallest purpose-built cinema in operation is the Cinema dei Piccoli in Villa Borghese, Rome, Italy. The Cinema dei Piccoli was built by Alfredo Annibali in 1934 in the park of Villa Borghese, and today covers an area of 71.52 sq. m (769.83 sq. ft). Originally called the Topolino Cinema (after Mickey Mouse), the movie theatre used a Path-Baby 9.5 mm movie projector, bed sheets for the screen and played 78's for background music. Restored in 1991, the cinema now has 63 seats, a 5 x 2.5 m (16.4 x 8,2 ft) screen, stereo sound and air conditioning. It is mentioned in the Guinness Book of Records.
Other venues
Movie theaters may be classified by the type of movies or when they are shown:
First-run theater: A theater that runs primarily mainstream film fare from the major film companies and distributors, during the initial new release period of each film.
Second-run or discount theater: A theater that runs films that have already shown in the first-run theaters and presented at a lower ticket price. (These are sometimes known as dollar theaters or "Cheap Seats".)
Repertoire/repertory theater or arthouse: A theater that presents more alternative and art films as well as second-run and classic films (often known as an "Independent Cinema" in the UK).
A sex theater or adult theater specializes in showing pornographic movies.
IMAX theaters can show conventional movies, but the major benefits of the IMAX system are only available when showing movies filmed using it. While a few mainstream feature films have been produced in IMAX, IMAX movies are often documentaries featuring spectacular natural scenery, and may be limited to the 45-minute length of a single reel of IMAX film. Programming
Usually an admission is for one feature film. Sometimes two feature films are sold as one admission (double feature), with a break in between. Separate admission for a short subject is rare, it is either an extra before a feature film or part of a series of short subjects sold as one admission (this mainly occurs at film festivals). See also anthology film.
Historically, many movie theatres presented a number of shorter items in addition to the feature film. This might include a newsreel, live-action comedy short films, documentary short films, musical short films, and/or cartoon shorts (many classic cartoons series such as the Looney Tunes and Mickey Mouse shorts were created for this purpose). Some theatres ran on continuous showings, where the same items would repeat throughout the day, with patrons arriving and departing at any time rather than having distinct entrance and exit cycles. Newsreels gradually became obsolete by the 1960s with the rise of television news, and most material now shown prior to a feature film is of a commercial or promotional nature.
A typical modern theatre presents commercial advertising shorts, then movie trailers, and then the feature film. Advertised start times are usually for the entire program or session, not the feature itself., while in North America this is very rare, and usually limited to special circumstances involving extremely long movies.
During the closing credits many people leave, some stay till the end. Usually the light is switched on after the credits, sometimes already during them.
Presentation
Sometimes movie theaters provide digital projection of a live broadcast of a performance or other event. For example, there are regular live broadcasts to movie theaters of Metropolitan Opera performances, with additionally limited repeat showings.
Live broadcasting to movie theaters
In order to obtain admission to a movie theater, the prospective theater-goer must usually purchase a ticket, which may be for an arbitrary seat ("open" or "free" seating) or for a specific one. Movie theaters in North America generally have open seating. Movie theaters in Europe can have free seating or have seating systems where the attendee can pick seats from a screen. Some theatres in Mexico offer numbered seating, in particular, Cinepolis VIP.
The price of a ticket may be discounted during off-peak times e.g. for matinées, and higher at busy times, typically evenings and/or weekends. In Canada, when this practice is used, it is traditional to offer the lower prices for Tuesday for all showings, one of the slowest days of the week in the movie theatre business, which has led to the nickname "cheap Tuesday." Almost all movie theaters employ economic price discrimination: tickets for youth, students, and seniors are typically cheaper. Large theater chains, such as AMC Theaters, also own smaller theaters that show "second runs" of popular films, at reduced ticket prices.
Some movie theaters and chains sell passes for unlimited entrance. Some examples:
Note that in Thailand there is the restriction of one show per movie, while in the Netherlands one can see any movie as many times as one wants.
"Pathé Unlimited Card" (PUC) for the chain of 12 multi- and megaplex theatres of Pathé in the Netherlands (100 screens), for 17.50 euro/month; there are 15,000 pass holders (April 2006)
"Unlimited Card" for the chain of movie theaters of Cineworld (formerly UGC) in the UK and Ireland, for £13.99/month, or £10.99 excluding those in London's West End.
Carte "Le Pass" for the chain of movie theatres of Pathé/Gaumont in Paris, for 20 euro/month; ditto for each of a number of other French cities (same price, even though the pass is valid for much fewer screens)
"UGC Illimité" passes for all UGC movie theaters in France, for 18 euro/month, and an entrance fee of 30 euro.
"UGC Unlimited" passes for the four UGC movie theaters in Belgium, for 15 euro/month
"SF Movie Passport" pass for all the movies shown in SF Group theaters in Thailand, valid for a month for one person and one show per movie, at the price of 800 baht or eqv USD 20 Pricing and admission
Admission to a movie may also be restricted by a motion picture rating system. According to such systems, children or teenagers below a certain age may be forbidden access to theaters showing certain movies, or only admitted when accompanied by a parent or other adult. In some jurisdictions a rating may legally impose this on movie theaters. Furthermore, where movie theaters do not have this legal obligation, they may enforce restrictions on their own.
Accordingly, a movie theater may either not be allowed to program an unrated film, or voluntarily refrain from that. In the US many mainstream movie theaters do not even show movies rated NC-17 ("No one 17 and under admitted"). Often, instead, an edited R-rated version ("Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.") is shown.
Age restrictions
In some movie theater complexes, the theaters are arranged such that tickets are checked at the entrance into the entire plaza, rather than before each theater. This has led to movie hopping, also called theater hopping and plexing, the practice of buying a ticket for one film and illicitly attending additional showings within the complex without buying the required tickets. Younger patrons may also use this practice to enter auditoriums showing age-restricted movies.
At a theater with a sold-out show there is often an additional ticket check, to make sure that everybody with a ticket for that show can find a seat.
The lobby may be before or after the ticket check, see below.
Ticket check; movie hopping
Movie studios/film distributors in the U.S. traditionally drive hard bargains entitling them to as much as 70% of the gross ticket revenue during the first week (and then the balance changes in 10% increments per week from there). See also box office.
Revenue
Movie theaters are associated with dating, 3D glasses, popcorn and expensive treats. It is rather common to throw and leave your garbage on the floor in a movie theater, than elsewhere, which is defiant to the cultural standard of cleaning up after oneself, much to the chagrin of theater employees.
Movie theater culture
Sometimes couples go to a movie theater for the additional reason that it provides the possibility of some physical intimacy, where the dark provides some privacy (with additional privacy in the back-row), i.e., the same amount of intimacy is a lesser form of public display of affection. This applies in particular for young people who still live with their parents, and these parents tend to monitor and/or forbid certain activities, and in the case of other social or even legal problems with public displays of affection. Compared with being together in a room without other people, it may also be reassuring for one or both of the couple (and for parents) that the intimacy is necessarily limited.
Arm rests pose a hindrance to intimacy. Some theaters have love seats: seats for two without an armrest in the middle. The most modern theaters have movable armrests throughout the theater that when down can hold a food container as well as act as an armrest or partition between the seats and when up allow closer contact between the couple. More expensive theaters may have large comfortable sofas.
Intimacy
Movie theaters usually sell various snack foods and drinks on concession stands. There may be a counter, self-service where one pays at the counter, and/or coin-operated machines. Sometimes the area of sale is more like a self-service shop than a lobby (it is not suitable for consuming the goods), and one pays at the check-out between the shop and the area with the screens.
The facilities for buying snacks and drinks often represent the theater's primary source of profit since most of the ticket revenue goes to the film distributor (and onward to the movie studio). Some movie theaters forbid eating and drinking inside the viewing room (restricting such activities to the lobby), while others encourage it by such devices as selling large portions of popcorn; in either case, bringing one's own food and drinks may be forbidden. Concessions is currently a huge area of expansion with many companies in the U.S. offering a wider range of snacks, including hot dogs and nachos. The noise of people eating, including the opening of wrappers, is frowned upon by some moviegoers.
Many theaters have embraced the "brew and view" concept, serving alcoholic beverages, in addition to snacks and popcorn. Some movie theaters such as the Alamo Drafthouse offer full restaurant service at one's seat, though this is not as widespread. McMenamins is a chain of restaurant/brewpub establishments in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, many of which have full movie theaters.
The lobby may be before or after the ticket check. If it is after, sometimes entrance to the lobby is restricted to a specific time, such as half an hour before the movie starts.
It is quite common for the lobby to include an arcade game area.
Sometimes movie going teenagers throw various foodstuffs — most notably popcorn — at each other, though sometimes at other moviegoers. This is frowned upon by management. In Ireland, mobile phones have also been banned in all cinemas, with some going to the extreme of installing equipment that blocks mobile phone signals.
Lobby, food and drinks
- You are not permitted to use any camera or recording equipment in this cinema. This will be treated as an attempt to breach copyright. Any person doing so can be ejected and such articles may be confiscated by the police. We ask the audience to be vigilant against any such activity and report any matters arousing suspicion to cinema staff. Thank you.
Some theaters (including those with IMAX stadiums) have detectors at the doors to pick up recording smugglers.
The collocation of theaters and the rotation of start times results in a great economy of scale for the sale of so-called "junk food" — sugary soda pop, popcorn, and the like. In addition to poor nutritional values, the foodstuffs sold are also characterized by extremely high markup and the profit from their sales can form the bulk of the gross margin of a theater.
Advertising - Many filmgoers complain about commercial advertising shorts, arguing that their absence would be one of the main advantages of going to a movie theater. Other critics such as Roger Ebert have expressed concerns that these advertisements, plus an excessive number of movie trailers, could lead to pressure to restrict the preferred length of the feature films themselves to facilitate playing schedules. So far, the theatre companies have typically been highly resistant to these complaints, citing the need for the supplementary income. Some chains like Famous Players and AMC Theatres have compromised with the commercials restricted to being shown before the scheduled start time for the trailers and the feature film. Individual theaters within a chain also sometimes adopt this policy.
Presentation - Another major recent concern is that the dramatic improvements in stereo sound systems have led to cinemas playing the soundtracks of presented films at unacceptably high volume levels. Usually, the trailers are presented at a very high sound level, presumably to overcome the sounds of a busy crowd. The sound is not adjusted downward for a sparsely occupied theater, and some patrons employ earplugs for the trailer period. Volume is normally adjusted based on the projectionist's judgment of a high or low attendance.
Piracy - In recent years cinemas have started to show warnings, before the movie starts, against using cameras and camcorders during the movie. These warnings threaten customers with being removed from the cinema and arrested by the police. This example was shown at cinemas in the United Kingdom:
Crowd control - As movie theaters have grown into multiplexes and megaplexes, crowd control has become a major concern. An overcrowded megaplex can be rather unpleasant, and in an emergency can be extremely dangerous. Therefore, all major theater chains have implemented crowd control measures. The most well-known measure is the ubiquitous holdout line which prevents ticket holders for the next showing of that weekend's most popular movie from entering the building until their particular auditorium has been cleared out and cleaned. Since the 1980s, some theater chains (especially AMC Theatres) have developed a policy of co-locating their theaters in shopping centers (as opposed to the old practice of building stand-alone theaters). They deliberately build lobbies and corridors that cannot hold as many people as the auditoriums, thus making holdout lines necessary. In turn, ticket holders may be enticed to shop or eat while stuck outside in the holdout line.
Other Practices - The multiplex offers a great amount of flexibility to a theater operator, enabling multiple theaters to exhibit the same popular production in multiple theaters with staggered starting times. Business practice controversies
Movie theatres and chains
North America
AMC Theatres - 382 theatres, 5,340 screens as of March 20, 2007. - North America's second-largest (per theater/screen counts) movie theater chain, comprised of AMC Theatres and former Loews Cineplex Entertainment Theaters.
B&B Theatres - Family owned and operated chain in Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma.
Bow Tie Cinemas - 115 Screens in 15 locations in Connecticut, New York, Maryland and Colorado.
Caribbean Cinemas - The largest movie chain located in the US insular territory of Puerto Rico.
Carmike Cinemas - 289 theatres, 2,447 screens as of December 31, 2006. - North America's fourth-largest movie theater chain.
Celebration! Cinema - Grand Rapids, Michigan 135 screens as of March 30, 2007. Owns Studio 28, North America's first 20 screen megaplex.
Center Cinemas Inc. - 2 theatres, 9 screens as of January 12, 2007. - New site to open with 6 screens making 3 theatres.
Cinemark Theatres - 398 theatres, 4,516 screens as of January 12, 2007. - North America's third-largest movie theater chain, comprised of Cinemark Theatres and former Century Theatres.
CinemaStar Luxury Theaters South California and Northwestern Mexico, Oceanside, CA based.
Cinemagic Theatres - 8 theatres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
Cinemagic Stadium Theaters - 5 Stadium theaters throughout Saco and Westbrook, Maine; Hooksett, New Hampshire; and Merrimack and Salisbury, Mass.
Classic Cinemas - 12 theatres with 88 screens in Illinois.
Coming Attractions - As of July 2005, 13 locations in California, Oregon, and Washington state.
Consolidated Theatres - Charlotte, North Carolina-based chain that serves several mid-Atlantic states
Dickinson Theatres - Overland Park, Kansas based chain. 337 screens spread over 36 locations in 10 central and lower midwest states, including Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and others.
Douglas Theatre Company - 109 screens in Lincoln and Omaha, Nebraska. Almost a monopoly in both cities. 38th largest movie theater chain in the North America as of 2006.
Edwards Cinemas
Emagine Theatres - 3 Locations, 45 Screens - First chain to deploy digital projection on all screens, first theater to have mobile bar-coded tickets through Mobile Box Office.
Fairchild Cinemas - A movie chain based in Moses Lake, Washington. Currently, there is one 10-screen theater in Moses Lake, as well as a 12-screen theater built in Pasco, Washington and opened in April of 2007.
Film Streams - A nonprofit arts organization opening a two-screen cinema in downtown Omaha in summer 2007. Devoted to the presentation and discussion of film as an art form.
Goodrich Quality Theaters - 31 theaters with 268 screens in the Midwest.
Harkins Theatres - Arizona's largest movie theater chain with over 14 theatres and expansion into Oklahoma, California, Colorado and Texas.
Keim Theatres - 2 theatres with 4 screens locally owned in Jamestown, North Dakota.
Kerasotes Theatres - 94 theatres, 839 screens. North America's sixth-largest movie theater chain. - Located in Midwestern and upper Midwestern regions of the United States, including Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Missouri and Minnesota.
Krikorian Premier Theaters in the Greater Los Angeles Area
Landmark Theatres - 58 theatres, 209 screens.
Malco Theatres - 31 theatres, 297 screens based in Memphis, TN, with locations in Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri and Kentucky. Founded in 1915. Also operates a four screen drive-in in Memphis.
Mann Theatres - 20 theatres, 122 screens in Southern California.
Marcus Theatres - 42 theatres, 507 screens as of January 9, 2007.
Marquee Cinemas - A fairly small movie theater chain, operated out of Beckley, West Virginia.
Megaplex Theaters - Owned by Utah entrepanure Larry H. Miller operated in the Utah Salt Lake Valley
MJR Theatres - A seven (soon to be eight as of Spring 2007) multiplex theatre chain in the Detroit Metropolitan Area.
Muvico Theaters - United States chain based in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
National Amusements - 1,500 screens as of January 24, 2007. - North America's fifth-largest movie theater chain - Parent company of Viacom.
Orson Welles Cinema
Pacific Theatres - 22 theatres surrounding parts of Southern California.
Phoenix Theatres - Based in Knoxville, Tennessee, is a six year old theatre operating company formed by Phil Zacheretti, former executive with Regal Cinemas, Inc. They have 11 theatres nation-wide.
Premiere Cinemas - Based in Texas where most of its theatres reside. Also located in Gadsden, Alabama, and Orlando, Florida.
Rave Motion Pictures - A new fairly small futuristic movie theater chain.
Regal Entertainment Group - 539 theatres, 6,403 screens as of February 8, 2007. - North America's largest (per theater/screen counts) movie theater chain, comprized of Regal Cinemas, United Artists Theatres, Edwards Theatres, and Eastern Federal Theatres.
Rogers Cinemas - 10 theatres, 48 screens in Wisconsin and Upper Michigan.
Santikos Theatres - Owned by entrepreneur John Santikos, it is based in San Antonio, with 8 total theatres, including two restaurant cinemas, an original drive-in theatre, an arthouse theatre, a unique Digital 3-D and Digital Projection theatre, and a brand new 18-screen megaplex with two IMAX screens. Two new theatres will premiere in 2007, including one in Houston.
Speakeasy Theaters - An independent movie theater that serves beer, wine and food at their snackbar. Locations in Oakland, CA and in El Cerrito, CA..
Star Cinema - Small premium chain with 97 screens in Wisconsin and Iowa.
Starplex Cinemas - Currently operates 23 theaters and 216 screens across the United States.
Thomas Theatre Group - Two theatres, 16 total screens in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Warren Theatres - Owned and operated by Bill Warren, it is based in Wichita Kansas, and operates three theatres under the Warren Theatres name and four under the Palace Theatre name. One is located in Springfield Missouri. They also operate a small theatre in the Towne West Square Mall in Wichita Kansas, called the Movie Machine.
Wehrenberg Theatres - Oldest American theater chain (established 1906), located in the St. Louis metropolitan area.
Wildwood Theatres - 4 theatres, in Wisconsin.
York River Crossing Cinemas - One location in Gloucester, VA. Eight screens. United States
Cinémas Guzzo - As of 2005, 13 locations in the Montreal area.
Cinema City - A discount movie chain in Western Canada
Cineplex Entertainment
- Cineplex Odeon - Operations in both Canada and the United States. Operations in each country is owned by separate companies. Cineplex Entertainment in Canada and AMC Theatres in the United States.
Famous Players - Formerly Canada's largest theatre chain that merged into Cineplex Entertainment in 2005.
Galaxy Cinemas - Mid-sized chain that merged into Cineplex Entertainment in 2003.
Empire Theatres - 59 locations, 403 screens - Leading chain of movie theaters in the Atlantic Canadian provinces and second largest in Canada.
Encore Cinemas - A small Canadian chain with two locations.
Landmark Cinemas - A chain in Western Canada, consisting primarily of older, smaller theatres formerly owned by the big chains, but also containing newer multiplexes.
AMC Theatres - 7 theatres in Canada, 5 in the GTA, 1 in Ottawa, and 1 in Montreal
Rainbow and Magic Lantern Cinemas Canada
Mexico
Hoyts Chile
Asia
AMC Theatres (also in Japan, manage in HK by Suntech Ltd, Edko Films' company)
Broadway Circuit (manage by Edko Films Ltd.)
Golden Harvest (also in Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan)
UA Cinemas (manage by Lark Holding Int'l Ltd.)
Newport Circuit (manage by Newport Entertainment HK Ltd.) Hong Kong
Adlabs - Largest multiplex operator in Mumbai
ARRS Multiplex- Salem, Tamil Nadu
DT Cinemas - Multiplex chain of the DLF group
Fame Cinema - Multiplexes in Mumbai, Pune, Nashik, Kolkata
Fun Cinemas - Multiplex chain by E-City Entertainments
INOX - Second largest multiplex chain in India
PSTL (Pyramid Saimira Theatres Ltd) - The largest theatre chain in India
PVR (Priya Village Roadshow) - Multiplex chain in New Delhi
Sathyam Cinemas - Mega Cineplex at Chennai
Virtual Multiplex
Wave Cinemas - 13 screens in Delhi India
[21 Cineplex Group] - Indonesia's largest cinema operator.
- [21 Cineplex] - Indonesia's largest cinema network.
[Studio XXI] - An upscale cinema network designed with the latest technology located only in major cities.
[The Premiere] - The most exclusive cinema network in Indonesia showcasing the latest movies with only thirty six seats in each venue.
[Blitz Megaplex] - The latest chain with two theaters, each with over ten screens.
[MPX Grande] - The only cinema in Indonesia that showcase Bollywood movies. Indonesia
Farhang [3]
Asr Jadid [4]
Crystal
Shahrghashang
Sahra
Shaghayegh
Sahel
Africa
G2
Ferdosi
Javaan
Sorush
Shahrtamasha
Astara
Sepideh
Piruzi
Anahita
Nahid
Tazh
Arash
Asemanaabi
Shirin Iran (Persia)
Toho
Shochiku
Toei Company
Tokyu Recreation
Warner Mycal Japan
- [21 Cineplex] - Indonesia's largest cinema network.
- Cineplex Odeon - Operations in both Canada and the United States. Operations in each country is owned by separate companies. Cineplex Entertainment in Canada and AMC Theatres in the United States.
